{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T15:26:02Z","timestamp":1788535562038,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,3]],"date-time":"2021-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aspects of fire retardation in some phosphorus-modified polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polystyrene (PSt) polymers are reported in the present paper. Both additive and reactive strategies were employed to obtain the desired level of loading of the phosphorus-bearing compound\/moiety (2 wt.% of P in each case). Test samples were obtained using bulk polymerization. The modifying compounds contained the P-atom in various chemical environments, as well as in an oxidation state of either III or V. With a view to gain an understanding of the chemical constitution of the gaseous products formed from the thermal decomposition of liquid additives\/reactives, these materials were subjected to GC\/MS analysis, whereas the decomposition of solid additives was detailed using the pyrolysis-GC\/MS technique. Other investigations included the use of: Inductively-coupled Plasma\/Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP\/OES), solid-state NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. In the case of PMMA-based systems, it was found that the modifying phosphonate ester function, upon thermal cracking, produced \u2018phosphorus\u2019 acid species which initiated the charring process. In the case of solid additives, it is more likely that the resultant phosphorus- and\/or oxygenated phosphorus-containing volatiles acted as flame inhibitors in the gaseous phase. With the PSt-based systems, a probable process involving the phosphorylation of the phenyl groups leading to crosslinking and char formation is feasible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13193402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T21:26:20Z","timestamp":1633728380000},"page":"3402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Mode of Action of Condensed- and Gaseous-Phase Fire Retardation in Some Phosphorus-Modified Polymethyl Methacrylate- and Polystyrene-Based Bulk Polymers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5503-9979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Joseph","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malavika","family":"Arun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Bigger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurice","family":"Guerrieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4209-1759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doris","family":"Pospiech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz-Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Stra\u00dfe 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Harnisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz-Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Stra\u00dfe 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cullis, C.F., and Hirshler, M.M. (1981). 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