{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:46:46Z","timestamp":1790822806837,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019M3E6A1064797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019M3E6A1064797"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019R1F1A1060550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1F1A1060550"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1A6A1A03038697"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A6A1A03038697"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is an eco-friendly energy conversion device that can convert chemical energy into electrical energy without emission of harmful oxidants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and\/or sulfur oxides (SOx) during operation. Nafion\u00ae, a representative perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomer-based membrane, is generally incorporated in fuel cell systems as a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM). Since the PFSA ionomers are composed of flexible hydrophobic main backbones and hydrophilic side chains with proton-conducting groups, the resulting membranes are found to have high proton conductivity due to the distinct phase-separated structure between hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains. However, PFSA ionomer-based membranes have some drawbacks, including high cost, low glass transition temperatures and emission of environmental pollutants (e.g., HF) during degradation. Hydrocarbon-based PEMs composed of aromatic backbones with proton-conducting hydrophilic groups have been actively studied as substitutes. However, the main problem with the hydrocarbon-based PEMs is the relatively low proton-conducting behavior compared to the PFSA ionomer-based membranes due to the difficulties associated with the formation of well-defined phase-separated structures between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains. This study focused on the structural engineering of sulfonated hydrocarbon polymers to develop hydrocarbon-based PEMs that exhibit outstanding proton conductivity for practical fuel cell applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13203520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T21:48:39Z","timestamp":1634161719000},"page":"3520","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Study on Control of Polymeric Architecture of Sulfonated Hydrocarbon-Based Polymers for High-Performance Polymer Electrolyte Membranes in Fuel Cell Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mijeong","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4966-9197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hansol","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6056-2318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Yong","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kihyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2016.09.058","article-title":"Eco-friendly methanesulfonic acid and sodium salt of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid doped cross-linked chitosan based green polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cell applications","volume":"523","author":"Vijayalekshmi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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