{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:29:41Z","timestamp":1792441781495,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Environmental effects\u2014temperature and moisture\u2014on 3D printed part dimensional accuracy are explored. The coefficient of thermal expansion of four different nylon materials was determined for XY and ZX print orientations, with 0\u00b0, 45\u00b0\/\u221245\u00b0, and 90\u00b0 infill patterns. Unreinforced nylon exhibited a thermal expansion coefficient of the same order regardless of condition (from 11.4 to 17.5 \u00d7 10\u22125 1\/\u00b0C), while nylons reinforced with discontinuous carbon fiber were highly anisotropic, for instance exhibiting 2.2 \u00d7 10\u22125 1\/\u00b0C in the flow direction (0\u00b0 infill angle) and 24.8 \u00d7 10\u22125 1\/\u00b0C in the ZX orientation. The temperature profile of a part during printing is shown, demonstrating a build steady state temperature of ~ 35 \u00b0C. The effect of moisture uptake by the part was also explored, with dimensional changes of ~0.5\u20131.5% seen depending on feature, with height expanding the most. The effects of moisture were significantly reduced for large flat parts with the inclusion of continuous fiber reinforcement throughout the part.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13213637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T23:27:39Z","timestamp":1634858859000},"page":"3637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Effects of Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and Moisture Absorption on the Dimensional Accuracy of Carbon-Reinforced 3D Printed Parts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Faust","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Markforged, Inc., Watertown, MA 02472, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2842-3569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter G.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Markforged, Inc., Watertown, MA 02472, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce D.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Markforged, Inc., Watertown, MA 02472, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6546-6504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph D.","family":"Roy-Mayhew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Markforged, Inc., Watertown, MA 02472, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wohlers, T. 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