{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T15:08:33Z","timestamp":1782572913600,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aromatic polyimine (PIM) was prepared through condensation polymerization between p-phenylene diamine and terephthalaldehyde via Schiff reactions. PIM can be physically crosslinked with ferrous ions into gel. The gel-composites, calcined at two consecutive stages, with temperatures ranging from 600 to 1000 \u00b0C, became Fe- and N-doped carbonaceous organic frameworks (FeNC), which demonstrated both graphene- and carbon nanotube-like morphologies and behaved as an electron-conducting medium. After the two-stage calcination, one at 1000 \u00b0C in N2 and the other at 900 \u00b0C in a mixture of N2 and NH3, an FeNC composite (FeNC-1000A900) was obtained, which demonstrated a significant O2 reduction peak in its current\u2013voltage curve in the O2 atmosphere, and thus, qualified as a catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction. It also produced a higher reduction current than that of commercial Pt\/C in a linear scanning voltage test, and the calculated e-transferred number reached 3.85. The max. power density reached 400 mW\u00b7cm\u22122 for the single cell using FeNC-1000A900 as the cathode catalyst, which was superior to other FeNC catalysts that were calcined at lower temperatures. The FeNC demonstrated only 10% loss of the reduction current at 1600 rpm after 1000 redox cycles, as compared to be 25% loss for the commercial Pt\/C catalyst in the durability test.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13213850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T22:08:41Z","timestamp":1636409321000},"page":"3850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Fe, N-Doped Metal Organic Framework Prepared by the Calcination of Iron Chelated Polyimines as the Cathode-Catalyst of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1701-3276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Wei","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1704-1629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Yao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photonics, National Sun Yat-Sen University, 70 Lienhai Rd., Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ko-Shan","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, 415, Chien-Kuo Road, Kaohsiung 80782, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tar-Hwa","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, 415, Chien-Kuo Road, Kaohsiung 80782, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3377-1031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li-Cheng","family":"Jheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, 415, Chien-Kuo Road, Kaohsiung 80782, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang-Ming","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, 415, Chien-Kuo Road, Kaohsiung 80782, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1038\/2011212a0","article-title":"A new fuel cell cathode catalyst","volume":"201","author":"Jasinski","year":"1964","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-7753(78)85014-9","article-title":"Electrocatalysis of the oxygen reduction process on metal chelates in acid electrolyte","volume":"2","author":"Bagotzky","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14663","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TA02325E","article-title":"Synthesis of highly-active Fe\u2013N\u2013C catalysts for PEMFC with carbide-derived carbons","volume":"6","author":"Ratso","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1007\/s10562-016-1800-z","article-title":"Evolution of N-coordinated iron\u2013carbon (FeNC) catalysts and their oxygen reduction (ORR) performance in acidic media at various stages of catalyst","volume":"146","author":"Mamtani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Catal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2021.120405","article-title":"An efficient and durable trifunctional electrocatalyst for zinc\u2013air batteries driven overall water splitting","volume":"297","author":"Logeshwaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B. Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.144642","article-title":"Three-dimensional bimetal TMO supported carbon based electrocatalyst developed via dry synthesis for hydrogen and oxygen evolution","volume":"505","author":"Elayappan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s10800-014-0706-y","article-title":"Enhanced electrooxidation of methanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, and xylitol over a polypyrrole\/manganese oxyhydroxide\/palladium nanocomposite electrode","volume":"44","author":"Kannan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.131115","article-title":"MOF-derived CoP-nitrogen-doped carbon@ NiFeP nanoflakes as an efficient and durable electrocatalyst with multiple catalytically active sites for OER, HER, ORR and rechargeable zinc-air batteries","volume":"428","author":"Vijayakumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1039\/C0EE00011F","article-title":"Recent advances in non-precious metal catalysis for oxygen reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte fuel cells","volume":"4","author":"Jaouen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1170051","article-title":"Iron-based catalysts with improved oxygen reduction activity in polymer electrolyte fuel cells","volume":"324","author":"Lefevre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5553","DOI":"10.1021\/jp057135h","article-title":"Heat-treated Fe\/N\/C catalysts for O2 electroreduction: Are active sites hosted in micropores?","volume":"110","author":"Jaouen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1021\/am900219g","article-title":"Cross-laboratory experimental study of non-noble-metal electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction","volume":"1","author":"Jaouen","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1021\/jp021634q","article-title":"Oxygen reduction catalysts for polymer electrolyte fuel cells from the pyrolysis of iron acetate adsorbed on various carbon supports","volume":"107","author":"Jaouen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramanavicius, S., and Ramanavicius, A. (2021). conducting polymers in the design of biosensors and biofuel cells. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13010049"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramanavicius, S., and Ramanavicius, A. (2021). charge transfer and biocompatibility aspects in conducting polymer-based enzymatic biosensors and biofuel cells. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11020371"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2010.12.044","article-title":"Carbonized polyaniline nanotubes\/nanosheets-supported Pt nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and electrocatalysis","volume":"65","author":"Gavrilov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21982","DOI":"10.1021\/jp106814j","article-title":"Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes as platinum catalyst supports for oxygen reduction reaction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells","volume":"114","author":"Higgins","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1168049","article-title":"Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube arrays with high electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction","volume":"323","author":"Gong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2004.10.024","article-title":"The catalytic activity of conducting polymers toward oxygen reduction","volume":"50","author":"Khomenko","year":"2005","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2010.03.057","article-title":"Electrocatalystic activity of nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes with different morphologies for oxygen reduction reaction","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21008","DOI":"10.1021\/jp908067v","article-title":"Highly active nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cell applications","volume":"113","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2013.11.013","article-title":"Carboxylated carbonized polyaniline nanofibers as Pt-catalyst conducting support for proton exchange membrane fuel cell","volume":"188","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2014.02.066","article-title":"Sulfonated Polyaniline Nanofiber as Pt-Catalyst Conducting Support for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell","volume":"55","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.4954","article-title":"Studies on the 1D polyanilines prepared with n-dodecylbenzenesulfonic and camphorsulfonic acid","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y.-Z., Huang, W.-Y., Hsieh, T.-H., Jheng, L.-C., Ho, K.-S., Huang, S.-W., and Chao, L. (2019). FeNxC Based Catalysts Prepared by the Calcination of Iron-Ethylenediamine@Polyaniline as the Cathode-Catalyst of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11081368"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-5102(86)87045-6","article-title":"Dioxygen electrocatalysis: Mechanisms in relation to catalyst structure","volume":"38","author":"Yeager","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Mol. Catal."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Kinoshita, K. (1922). Electrochemical Oxygen Technology, Interscience."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4707","DOI":"10.1021\/jp044442z","article-title":"Influence of nitrogen doping on oxygen reduction electrocatalysis at carbon nanofiber electrodes","volume":"109","author":"Maldonado","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7936","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ee21802j","article-title":"Exploration of the active center structure of nitrogen-doped graphene-based catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction","volume":"5","author":"Lai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"3381","article-title":"Three-dimensional nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes\/graphene structure used as a metal-free electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9528","DOI":"10.1021\/ja3085934","article-title":"self-supporting oxygen reduction electrocatalysts made from a nitrogen-rich network polymer","volume":"134","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"11673","article-title":"Structure of the catalytic sites in Fe\/N\/C-catalysts for O2-reduction in PEM fuel cells","volume":"14","author":"Kramm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1021\/jz402717r","article-title":"Reaction pathway for oxygen reduction on FeN4 embedded graphene","volume":"5","author":"Kattel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5379","DOI":"10.1021\/cm202315j","article-title":"Iron Catalysts for the Growth of Carbon Nanofibers: Fe, Fe3C or Both?","volume":"23","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3892","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201107981","article-title":"Facile Oxygen Reduction on a Three-Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous Graphitic C3N4\/Carbon Composite Electrocatalyst","volume":"51","author":"Liang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/13\/21\/3850\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:27:20Z","timestamp":1760167640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/13\/21\/3850"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["polym13213850"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym13213850","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]}}}