{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:57:11Z","timestamp":1791946631626,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The oral cavity is an intricate environment subjected to various chemical, physical, and thermal injuries. The effectiveness of the local and systemically administered drugs is limited mainly due to their toxicities and poor oral bioavailability that leads to the limited effectiveness of the drugs in the target tissues. To address these issues, nanoparticle drug delivery systems based on metals, liposomes, polymeric particles, and core shells have been developed in recent years. Nano drug delivery systems have applications in the treatment of patients suffering from temporomandibular joint disorders such as preventing degeneration of cartilage in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and alleviating the pain along with it. The antibacterial dental applications of nano-drug delivery systems such as silver and copper-based nanoparticles include these agents used to arrest dental caries, multiple steps in root canal treatment, and patients suffering from periodontitis. Nanoparticles have been used in adjunct with antifungals to treat oral fungal infections such as candida albicans in denture wearers. Acyclovir being the most commonly used antiviral has been used in combination with nanoparticles against an array of viral infections such as the herpes simplex virus. Nanoparticles based combination agents offer more favorable drug release in a controlled manner along with efficient delivery at the site of action. This review presents an updated overview of the recently developed nanoparticles delivery systems for the management of temporomandibular joint disorders along with the treatment of different oral infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13234175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T02:34:05Z","timestamp":1638326045000},"page":"4175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Nano Drug Delivery Platforms for Dental Application: Infection Control and TMJ Management\u2014A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0018-7069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhishek","family":"Lal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontic, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi 75500, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Khursheed","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthodontics, Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Dental Research Cell, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0960-1123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naseer","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontic, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine, Karachi 75500, Pakistan"},{"name":"Prosthodontics Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afsheen","family":"Maqsood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Bahria University Dental College, Karachi 75530, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6475-6796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruba K.","family":"Al-Qaisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prosthodontic Dentistry Department, Jordanian Royal Medical Services, Amman 11180, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1073-9920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepti","family":"Shrivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Periodontics, Department of Preventive Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab Ali","family":"Alkhalaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prosthodontic Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal Mohamed","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prosthodontic Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasna Rasheed","family":"Alshubrmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prosthodontic Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed G.","family":"Sghaireen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prosthodontic Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5969-6810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kumar Chandan","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Medicine & Radiology, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences University, Chennai 600077, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12273","article-title":"Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections of the oral mucosa: Types, incidence, predisposing factors, diagnostic algorithms, and management","volume":"80","author":"Bandara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Maini, K., and Dua, A. 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