{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:35:09Z","timestamp":1760236509196,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Volatile organic compounds pollute the environment and pose a serious threat to human health due to their toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. In this context, it is highly desirable to fabricate high-performance poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) composites to remove organic solvents from the environment using a simple technique. Therefore, in the present study, Fe-PDMS composites were fabricated using a technique based on magnetic induction heating with iron particles serving as a self-heating agent. Under an alternating magnetic field, the iron particles served as a thermal source that assisted in the progression of PDMS crosslinking. The influence of self-heating iron on the properties of the fabricated Fe-PDMS composites was also investigated. The hydrosilation reaction occurring during the crosslinking process was controlled using FT-IR. The heating efficiency of PDMS 1, PDMS 2, and PDMS 3 was studied as the function of induction time (0\u20135 min) and the function of iron content (0%, 1%, and 30% wt.%). The results revealed that the mechanical properties of the PDMS 2 composite were enhanced compared to those of the PDMS 1 and PDMS 3 composites. The mechanical properties of PDMS 3 were the least efficient due to cluster formation. PDMS 3 exhibited the highest thermal stability among all composites. Furthermore, the swelling behavior of different materials in various organic solvents was studied. PDMS was observed to swell to the greatest extent in chloroform, while swelling to a large extent was observed in toluene, pentane, and petroleum ether. PDMS swelling was the least in n-butanol. The elastomeric behavior of crosslinked PDMS, together with its magnetic character, produces stimuli-responsive magneto-rheological composites, which are quite efficient and suitable for applications involving the removal of organic solvents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13234231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T03:10:38Z","timestamp":1638760238000},"page":"4231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Influence of Self-Heating Iron on the Thermal, Mechanical, and Swelling Properties of PDMS Composites for Organic Solvents Removal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4598-8847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed S. A.","family":"Darwish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, 1 Ahmed El-Zomor Street, El Zohour Region, Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5227-2273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laila M.","family":"Al-Harbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.132304","article-title":"Fabrication of MIL-101-polydimethylsiloxane composites for environmental toluene abatement from humid air","volume":"429","author":"Azmi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.128810","article-title":"A facile PDMS coating approach to room-temperature gas sensors with high humidity resistance and long-term stability","volume":"325","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, J., Jia, Y., Cheng, C., Sun, K., Peng, Y., Tu, Y., Qiang, Y., Hua, Z., Zheng, Z., and Ye, X. (2021). Polydimethylsiloxane-functionalized polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous aerogels for efficient oil absorption and oil\/water separation. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 138.","DOI":"10.1002\/app.51339"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, W., Wang, J., Han, X., Li, L., Liu, E., and Lu, C. (2021). Carbon Nanotubes and Polydopamine Modified Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Sponges for Efficient Oil\u2013Water Separation. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14092431"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2019.11.008","article-title":"Superhydrophobic and superoleophilic graphene aerogel for ultrafast removal of hazardous organics from water","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2020.116517","article-title":"Hydrophobic modified activated carbon using PDMS for the adsorption of VOCs in humid condition","volume":"239","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.106002","article-title":"A highly reusable polydimethylsiloxane sorbents for oil\/organic solvent clean-up from water","volume":"9","author":"Bayraktaroglu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23785","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA06840A","article-title":"An innovative, fast and facile soft-template approach for the fabrication of porous PDMS for oil\u2013water separation","volume":"5","author":"Turco","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2021.124093","article-title":"Composite polymer hydrogels with high and reversible elongation under magnetic stimuli","volume":"230","author":"Duran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1039\/C4SM02393E","article-title":"Celebrating Soft Matter\u2019s 10th Anniversary: Stimuli responsive Pickering emulsion polymerized smart fluids","volume":"11","author":"Piao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soft Matter."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17685","DOI":"10.1039\/C5TA04353K","article-title":"A magnetic and highly reusable macroporous superhydrophobic\/superoleophilic PDMS\/MWNT nanocomposite for oil sorption from water","volume":"3","author":"Turco","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Harbi, L.M., Darwish, M.S.A., Khowdiary, M.M., and Stibor, I. (2018). Controlled Preparation of Thermally Stable Fe-Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Composite by Magnetic Induction Heating. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10050507"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1039\/C7LC00350A","article-title":"Porous PDMS structures for the storage and release of aqueous solutions into fluidic environments","volume":"17","author":"Thurgood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lab A Chip"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2006.874188","article-title":"Microwave-absorbing properties of de-aggregated flake-shaped carbonyl-iron particle composites at 2-18 GHz","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Magn."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.16.001577","article-title":"Microfluidic devices for terahertz spectroscopy of biomolecules","volume":"16","author":"George","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanco, I. (2018). Polysiloxanes in Theranostics and Drug Delivery: A Review. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10070755"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7254","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07254","article-title":"Stretchable electronics based on Ag-PDMS composites","volume":"4","author":"Larmagnac","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samal, S., \u0160kodov\u00e1, M., and Blanco, I. (2019). Effects of Filler Distribution on Magnetorheological Silicon-Based Composites. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12183017"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samal, S., Kolinova, M., and Blanco, I. (2018). The Magneto-Mechanical Behavior of Active Components in Iron-Elastomer Composite. J. Compos. Sci., 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs2030054"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpe.2014.09.002","article-title":"Synthesis and evaluation of some derivatives of polysiloxanes","volume":"23","author":"Ismail","year":"2014","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Pet."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035028","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/19\/3\/035028","article-title":"Thickness-dependent mechanical properties of polydimethylsiloxane membranes","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Micromechan. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2935","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/18\/38\/S27","article-title":"The effect of field parameters, nanoparticle properties and immobilization on the specific heating power in magnetic particle hyperthermia","volume":"18","author":"Hergt","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2015.59","article-title":"Curie temperature controlled self-healing magnet\u2013polymer composites","volume":"30","author":"Ahmed","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(01)00785-6","article-title":"Thermal polydimethylsiloxane degradation. Part 2. The degradation mechanisms","volume":"43","author":"Camino","year":"2002","journal-title":"Polym."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"342","article-title":"Characterization of polysiloxanes by high-resolution pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"331","author":"Fujimoto","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(00)00652-2","article-title":"Polydimethylsiloxane thermal degradation Part 1. Kinetic aspects","volume":"42","author":"Camino","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4834","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1001410107","article-title":"Magnetically driven three-dimensional manipulation and inductive heating of magnetic-dispersion containing metal alloys","volume":"107","author":"Calabro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Carlson, J.D. (2012). Magnetically Curable Composition and Magnetic Cure Process. (8,206,545 B2), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1039\/B511995B","article-title":"Swelling kinetics of anisotropic filler loaded PDMS networks","volume":"8","author":"Hajsz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2009.02.016","article-title":"Influences of heating temperature on mechanical properties of polydimethylsiloxane","volume":"151","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4552","DOI":"10.1021\/am201352w","article-title":"A Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Sponge for the Selective Absorption of Oil from Water","volume":"3","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-7388(01)00356-8","article-title":"Performance of solvent-resistant membranes for non-aqueous systems: Solvent permeation results and modeling","volume":"189","author":"Bhanushali","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09325-4","article-title":"Liquid metal-filled magnetorheological elastomer with positive piezoconductivity","volume":"10","author":"Yun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2007.01.211","article-title":"Removal of volatile compounds from the wastewaters by use of pervaporation","volume":"223","author":"Konieczny","year":"2008","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadi, L., Rahdar, A., Bazrafshan, E., Dahmardeh, H., Susan, A.B.H., and Kyzas, G.Z. (2020). Petroleum Hydrocarbon Removal from Wastewaters: A Review. Processes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8040447"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015215","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5129919","article-title":"Optimized process for the fabrication of PDMS membranes integrating permanent micro-magnet arrays","volume":"10","author":"Descamps","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIP Adv."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/13\/23\/4231\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:38:58Z","timestamp":1760168338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/13\/23\/4231"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["polym13234231"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym13234231","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-4360"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]}}}