{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:33:23Z","timestamp":1791484403615,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is used in a wide variety of applications because of its unique chemical and physical features, including its biocompatibility and low toxicity. In this study, hollow PVP\/silver nanoparticle (PVP\/Ag NP) composite fibers were synthesized. Stable, spherical Ag NPs, with an average size of 14.4 nm, were produced through a facile sonochemical reduction method. A small amount of starch as a potent reducing and stabilizing agent was used during the reduction of Ag ions to Ag NPs. The fabricated Ag NPs were then added to a 10 wt% PVP-dichloromethane (DCM) solution, which was utilized as an electrospinning feed solution under a dense carbon dioxide (CO2) environment at 313 K and 5 MPa and an applied voltage of 15 kV. The dense CO2 enabled rapid extraction of DCM from the PVP-Ag NPs-DCM solution, which was then dissolved into PVP\/Ag NPs, resulting in a hollow structure. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-iR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), were used to characterize the electrospinning products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14010089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T01:20:43Z","timestamp":1640654443000},"page":"89","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Synthesis of Hollow PVP\/Ag Nanoparticle Composite Fibers via Electrospinning under a Dense CO2 Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3929-4435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siti","family":"Machmudah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0339-1740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wahyudiono","family":"Wahyudiono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8393-4276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideki","family":"Kanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3219-5028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Motonobu","family":"Goto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2019.01.039","article-title":"Application of functionalized silver nano-particles as a biochemical sensor for selective detection of lysozyme protein in milk sample","volume":"213","author":"Shrivas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spectrochim. 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