{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T09:33:52Z","timestamp":1761989632303,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A solar-driven unmanned hazardous and noxious substance (HNS) trapping device that can absorb, evaporate, condense, and collect HNSs was prepared. The HNS trapping device was composed of three parts: a reverse piloti structure (RPS) for absorption and evaporation of HNSs, Al mirrors with optimized angles for focusing light, and a cooling line system for the condensation of HNSs. The RPS was fabricated by assembling a lower rectangle structure and an upper hollow column. The lower rectangular structure showed a toluene evaporation rate of 6.31 kg\/m2 h, which was significantly increased by the installation of the upper hollow column (11.21 kg\/m2 h) and led to the formation of the RPS. The installation of Al mirrors on the RPS could further enhance the evaporation rate by 9.1% (12.28 kg\/m2 h). The RPS system equipped with an Al mirror could rapidly remove toluene, xylene, and toluene\u2013xylene with high evaporation rates (12.28\u20138.37 kg\/m2 h) and could effectively collect these substances with high efficiencies (81\u201365%) in an unmanned HNS trapping device. This prototype HNS trapping device works perfectly without human involvement, does not need electricity, and thus is suitable for fast cleanup and collection of HNSs in the ocean.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14030631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T20:36:42Z","timestamp":1644266202000},"page":"631","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Solar-Driven Unmanned Hazardous and Noxious Substance Trapping Devices Equipped with Reverse Piloti Structures and Cooling Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ye Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, 125 Dongseodaero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-719, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hee Ju","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, 125 Dongseodaero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-719, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu Jin","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, 125 Dongseodaero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-719, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji Hee","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, 125 Dongseodaero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-719, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hye Young","family":"Koo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Jeonbuk Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Seoul 136-791, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4546-0732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won San","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, 125 Dongseodaero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-719, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06599","article-title":"Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades","volume":"452","author":"Shannon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5074","DOI":"10.1021\/es400458p","article-title":"Multitissue Molecular, Genomic, and Developmental Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Resident Gulf Killifish (Fundulus grandis)","volume":"47","author":"Dubansky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"451","article-title":"Imo-international maritime dangerous good (IMDG) code and amendment 33\u201306","volume":"13","author":"Ozcayir","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Int. Marit. LAW"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Lacoste, R. (2014). Les Transports de Produits Chimiques: Un March\u00e9 Jeune en Mutation. Note de Synth\u00e8se n\u00b0103, ISEMAR."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"International Maritime Organization (2013). 2010 HNS Convention: International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea. 2010, International Maritime Organization."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"International Maritime Organization (2002). OPRC\u2014HNS Protocol: Protocol on Preparedness, Response, and Co-operation to Pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances; 2000, IMO."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2014.11.005","article-title":"Review on hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) involved in marine spill incidents\u2014An online database","volume":"285","author":"Cunha","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1002\/sia.6993","article-title":"Efficient separation of oil-in-water emulsion based on a superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic polyvinylidene fluoride membrane","volume":"53","author":"Qu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surf. Interface Anal."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17642","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA00346J","article-title":"Structure-controllable superhydrophobic Cu meshes for effective separation of oils with different viscosities and aqueous pollutant purification","volume":"6","author":"Lim","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8139","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.1c01046","article-title":"Facile Construction and Fabrication of a Superhydrophobic Copper Mesh for Ultraefficient Oil\/Water Separation","volume":"60","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201405785","article-title":"Oil\/Water Separation with Selective Superantiwetting\/Superwetting Surface Materials","volume":"54","author":"Chu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8012","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.7b01800","article-title":"Surface Design of Separators for Oil\/Water Separation with High Separation Capacity and Mechanical Stability","volume":"33","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2021.118871","article-title":"Ultrafast preparation of hydrophobic ZIF-67\/copper mesh via electrodeposition and hydrophobization for oil\/water separation and dyes adsorption","volume":"272","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fahrina, A., Arahman, N., Mulyati, S., Aprilia, S., Nawi, N.I.M., Aqsha, A., Bilad, M.R., Takagi, R., and Matsuyama, H. (2020). Development of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membrane by Incorporating Bio-Based Ginger Extract as Additive. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12092003"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122524","article-title":"Fabrication of meshes with inverse wettability based on the TiO2 nanowires for continuous oil\/water separation","volume":"380","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16508","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b02150","article-title":"Superhydrophobic surfaces with pH-induced switchable wettability for oil\u2013water separation","volume":"4","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.01.013","article-title":"Substrate-independent polyzwitterionic coating for oil\/water separation membranes","volume":"362","author":"Liang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16371","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TA04462G","article-title":"An anti-overturn Janus sponge with excellent floating stability for simultaneous pollutant remediation and oil\/water separation","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2019.11.065","article-title":"An ultralight, supercompressible, superhydrophobic and multifunctional carbon aerogel with a specially designed structure","volume":"158","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40886","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b14341","article-title":"Remote-Controlled Magnetic Sponge Balls and Threads for Oil\/Water Separation in a Confined Space and Anaerobic Reactions","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14858","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA03511J","article-title":"Compressible and conductive carbon aerogels from wastepaper with exceptional performance for oil\/water separation","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaang, B.K., Lee, Y.S., Han, N., and Choi, W.S. (2019). A Potential Amphiprotic Sponge with a Controlled Release Characteristic of Protons on Demand for Oil\/Water Separation and Acid\/Base Neutralization. Adv. Mater. Interfaces, 6.","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201900004"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.118376","article-title":"A lignin-based carbon aerogel enhanced by graphene oxide and application in oil\/water separation","volume":"278","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2016.11.004","article-title":"Polydopamine-mediated all-in-one device with superhydrophilicity and superhydrophobicity for one-step oil\/water separation and pollutant purification","volume":"107","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.9b01159","article-title":"Thermoresponsive Polyurethane Sponges with Temperature-Controlled Superwettability for Oil\/Water Separation","volume":"2","author":"Yi","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8181","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c00440","article-title":"Flexible Underwater Oleophobic Cellulose Aerogels for Efficient Oil\/Water Separation","volume":"5","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2021.126794","article-title":"Magnetic superhydrophobic polyurethane sponge modified with bioinspired stearic acid@Fe3O4@PDA nanocomposites for oil\/water separation","volume":"624","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b05161","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Cellulose Grafted with Epoxidized Soybean Oil Aerogels for Oil-Absorbing Materials","volume":"67","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16025","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA02070H","article-title":"Oil\/water separation techniques: A review of recent progresses and future directions","volume":"5","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2018.06.009","article-title":"Polymeric materials with switchable superwettability for controllable oil\/water separation: A comprehensive review","volume":"87","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Krevelen, D.W.V., and Te Nijenhuis, K. (2009). Properties of Polymers, Elsevier. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Socrates, G. (1995). Infrared characteristic group frequencies, tables and charts, second ed. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Quy, D., Hieu, N.M., Tra, P.T., Nam, N.H., Hai, N.H., Son, N.T., Nghia, P.T., Van Anh, N.T., Hong, T.T., and Luong, N.H. (2013). Synthesis of Silica-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles and Application in the Detection of Pathogenic Viruses. J. Nanomater., 2013.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/603940"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Bird, R.B., Stewart, W.E., and Lightfoot, E.N. (2007). Transport Phenomena, John Wiley & Sons. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Merck Publications (2013). The Merck Index, An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals, Royal Society of Chemistry. [15th ed.]."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/3\/631\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:15:34Z","timestamp":1760134534000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/3\/631"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["polym14030631"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym14030631","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-4360"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]}}}