{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:13:21Z","timestamp":1791497601480,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico (DGAPA), Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico","award":["IN202320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN202320"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A broad spectrum of nanomaterials has been investigated for multiple purposes in recent years. Some of these studied materials are magnetics nanoparticles (MNPs). Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are MNPs that have received extensive attention because of their physicochemical and magnetic properties and their ease of combination with organic or inorganic compounds. Furthermore, the arresting of these MNPs into a cross-linked matrix known as hydrogel has attracted significant interest in the biomedical field. Commonly, MNPs act as a reinforcing material for the polymer matrix. In the present review, several methods, such as co-precipitation, polyol, hydrothermal, microemulsion, and sol-gel methods, are reported to synthesize magnetite nanoparticles with controllable physical and chemical properties that suit the required application. Due to the potential of magnetite-based nanocomposites, specifically in hydrogels, processing methods, including physical blending, in situ precipitation, and grafting methods, are introduced. Moreover, the most common characterization techniques employed to study MNPs and magnetic gel are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14040752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T22:44:47Z","timestamp":1644965087000},"page":"752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":166,"title":["Polymeric Composite of Magnetite Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Application in Biomedicine: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1550-8205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moises","family":"Bustamante-Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Escuela de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Tecnolog\u00eda Experimental Yachay, Hacienda San Jos\u00e9 s\/n y Proyecto Yachay (Ciudad del Conocimiento Yachay), Urcuqui 100650, Ecuador"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica de Radiaciones y Radioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Romero-Fierro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica de Radiaciones y Radioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Escuela de Ciencias Qu\u00edmica e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Tecnolog\u00eda Experimental Yachay, Hacienda San Jos\u00e9 s\/n y Proyecto Yachay (Ciudad del Conocimiento Yachay), Urcuqui 100650, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jocelyne","family":"Estrella-Nu\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Escuela de Ciencias Qu\u00edmica e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Tecnolog\u00eda Experimental Yachay, Hacienda San Jos\u00e9 s\/n y Proyecto Yachay (Ciudad del Conocimiento Yachay), Urcuqui 100650, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2433-0955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bel\u00e9n","family":"Arcentales-Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Escuela de Ciencias Qu\u00edmica e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Investigaci\u00f3n de Tecnolog\u00eda Experimental Yachay, Hacienda San Jos\u00e9 s\/n y Proyecto Yachay (Ciudad del Conocimiento Yachay), Urcuqui 100650, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estefani","family":"Chichande-Proa\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Cuidad de Quito 170136, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4853-125X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"Bucio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Qu\u00edmica de Radiaciones y Radioqu\u00edmica, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Thomas, S., and Balakrishnan, P. 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