{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T01:24:31Z","timestamp":1774661071616,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,19]],"date-time":"2022-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 107-2221-E-214-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 107-2221-E-214-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST110-2224-E-080-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST110-2224-E-080-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E1E46202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E1E46202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a globally occurring articular cartilage degeneration disease that adversely affects both the physical and mental well-being of the patient, including limited mobility. One major pathological characteristic of OA is primarily related to articular cartilage defects resulting from abrasion and catabolic and proinflammatory mediators in OA joints. Although cell therapy has hitherto been regarded as a promising treatment for OA, the therapeutic effects did not meet expectations due to the outflow of implanted cells. Here, we aimed to explore the repair effect of magnetized chondrocytes using magnetic amphiphilic-gelatin nanocarrier (MAGNC) to enhance cellular anchored efficiency and cellular magnetic guidance (MG) toward the superficial zone of damaged cartilage. The results of in vitro experiments showed that magnetized chondrocytes could be rapidly guided along the magnetic force line to form cellular amassment. Furthermore, the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif of gelatin in MAGNC could integrate the interaction among cells to form cellular stacking. In addition, MAGNCs upregulated the gene expression of collagen II (Col II), aggrecan, and downregulated that of collagen I (Col I) to reduce cell dedifferentiation. In animal models, the magnetized chondrocytes can be guided into the superficial zone with the interaction between the internal magnetic field and MAGNC to form cellular stacking. In vivo results showed that the intensity of N-sulfated-glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) and Col II in the group of magnetized cells with magnetic guiding was higher than that in the other groups. Furthermore, smooth closure of OA cartilage defects was observed in the superficial zone after 8 weeks of implantation. The study revealed the significant potential of MAGNC in promoting the high-density stacking of chondrocytes into the cartilage surface and retaining the biological functions of implanted chondrocytes for OA cartilage repair.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14040809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T08:34:47Z","timestamp":1645432487000},"page":"809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["High-Density Horizontal Stacking of Chondrocytes via the Synergy of Biocompatible Magnetic Gelatin Nanocarriers and Internal Magnetic Navigation for Enhancing Cartilage Repair"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9924-0703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shan-Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung City 813414, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong-Ji","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 813414, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching-Jung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jen-Tsai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chin-Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 813414, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jen-Hao","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 813414, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huai-En","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Hsinchu 300193, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"San-Yuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu City 300093, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung City 406040, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 813414, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shwu-Jen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 813414, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2003.10.002","article-title":"Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis","volume":"12","year":"2004","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. 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