{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T03:13:55Z","timestamp":1792293235590,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tissue engineering (TE) is an innovative approach to tackling many diseases and body parts that need to be replaced by developing artificial tissues and organs. Bioinks play an important role in the success of various TE applications. A bioink refers to a combination of a living cell, biomaterials, and bioactive molecules deposited in a layer-by-layer form to fabricate tissue-like structures. The research on bioink attempts to offer a 3D complex architecture and control cellular behavior that improve cell physical properties and viability. This research proposed a new multi-material bioink based on alginate (A), gelatin (G), and cholesteryl ester liquid crystals (CELC) biomaterials, namely (AGLC) bioinks. The development of AGLC was initiated with the optimization of different concentrations of A and G gels to obtain a printable formulation of AG gels. Subsequently, the influences of different concentrations of CELC with AG gels were investigated by using a microextrusion-based 3D bioprinting system to obtain a printed structure with high shape fidelity and minimum width. The AGLC bioinks were formulated using AG gel with 10% weight\/volume (w\/v) of A and 50% w\/v G (AG10:50) and 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40% of CELC, respectively. The AGLC bioinks yield a high printability and resolution blend. The printed filament has a minimum width of 1.3 mm at a 1 mL\/min extrusion rate when the A equals 10% w\/v, G equals 50% w\/v, and CELC equals 40% v\/v (AGLC40). Polymerization of the AGLC bioinks with calcium (Ca2+) ions shows well-defined and more stable structures in the post-printing process. The physicochemical and viability properties of the AGLC bioinks were examined by FTIR, DSC, contact angle, FESEM, MTT assay, and cell interaction evaluation methods. The FTIR spectra of the AGLC bioinks exhibit a combination of characteristics vibrations of AG10:50 and CELC. The DSC analysis indicates the high thermal stability of the bioinks. Wettability analysis shows a reduction in the water absorption ability of the AGLC bioinks. FESEM analysis indicates that the surface morphologies of the bioinks exhibit varying microstructures. In vitro cytotoxicity by MTT assay shows the ability of the bioinks to support the biological activity of HeLa cells. The AGLC bioinks show average cell viability of 82.36% compared to the control (90%). Furthermore, cultured cells on the surface of AGLC bioinks showed that bioinks provide favorable interfaces for cell attachment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14051021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T20:36:30Z","timestamp":1646339790000},"page":"1021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Characterization of Alginate\u2013Gelatin\u2013Cholesteryl Ester Liquid Crystals Bioinks for Extrusion Bioprinting of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alyaa Idrees","family":"Abdulmaged","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Food Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh Higher Education Hub, Panchor 84600, Johor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4972-5729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chin Fhong","family":"Soon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microelectronics and Nanotechnology-Shamsuddin Research Centre, Institute for Integrated Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat 86400, Johor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat 86400, Johor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balkis A.","family":"Talip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Future Food Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh Higher Education Hub, Panchor 84600, Johor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siti Adibah Ahmad","family":"Zamhuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microelectronics and Nanotechnology-Shamsuddin Research Centre, Institute for Integrated Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat 86400, Johor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5348-502X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salama A.","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat 86400, Johor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1855-0134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenbin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trre.2020.100585","article-title":"Organ donation in the US and Europe: The supply vs demand imbalance","volume":"35","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transplant. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.21.3.3","article-title":"Introducing Incentives in the Market for Live and Cadaveric Organ Donations","volume":"21","author":"Becker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Econ. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s42242-018-0004-3","article-title":"3D bioprinting: An emerging technology full of opportunities and challenges","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bio-Design Manuf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909882","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201909882","article-title":"Synthetic biology and tissue engineering: Toward fabrication of complex and smart cellular constructs","volume":"30","author":"Hoffman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-016-1612-8","article-title":"3D Bioprinting for Tissue and Organ Fabrication","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201405076","article-title":"A Multimaterial Bioink Method for 3D Printing Tunable, Cell-Compatible Hydrogels","volume":"27","author":"Rutz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.04.008","article-title":"Effect of transforming growth factor-\u03b23 on mono and multilayer chondrocytes","volume":"83","author":"Sefat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2016.03.014","article-title":"3D printing of functional biomaterials for tissue engineering","volume":"40","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2019.100008","article-title":"Bioinks and bioprinting technologies to make heterogeneous and biomimetic tissue constructs","volume":"1","author":"Ashammakhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"011310","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5059393","article-title":"Extrusion bioprinting of soft materials: An emerging technique for biological model fabrication","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.18063\/ijb.v4i1.126","article-title":"3D printing of hydrogel composite systems: Recent advances in technology for tissue engineering","volume":"4","author":"Jang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Bioprinting"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2958","article-title":"3D bioprinting of tissues and organs","volume":"32","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045012","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/7\/4\/045012","article-title":"Three-dimensional bioprinting of complex cell laden alginate hydrogel structures","volume":"7","author":"Tabriz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2020.103642","article-title":"Designing vascular supportive albumen-rich composite bioink for organ 3D printing","volume":"104","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13877","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31880-x","article-title":"Optimization of cell-laden bioinks for 3D bioprinting and efficient infection with influenza A virus","volume":"8","author":"Berg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022002","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ab5158","article-title":"The bioprinting roadmap","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-014-1207-1","article-title":"Biomaterials for Integration with 3-D Bioprinting","volume":"43","author":"Skardal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-016-1638-y","article-title":"Advanced Bioinks for 3D Printing: A Materials Science Perspective","volume":"44","author":"Chimene","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Axpe, E., and Oyen, M.L. (2016). Applications of Alginate-Based Bioinks in 3D Bioprinting. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17121976"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3390\/microarrays4020133","article-title":"3D Cell Culture in Alginate Hydrogels","volume":"4","author":"Andersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microarrays"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.10.069","article-title":"Cell-laden 3D bioprinting hydrogel matrix depending on different compositions for soft tissue engineering: Characterization and evaluation","volume":"71","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4049","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CS00718C","article-title":"Chemical insights into bioinks for 3D printing","volume":"48","author":"Valot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2011.06.003","article-title":"Alginate: Properties and biomedical applications","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2014.06.034","article-title":"Engineering alginate as bioink for bioprinting","volume":"10","author":"Jia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panwar, A., and Tan, L.P. (2016). Current Status of Bioinks for Micro-Extrusion-Based 3D Bioprinting. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21060685"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110530","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo biocompatibility evaluation of a 3D bioprinted gelatin-sodium alginate\/rat Schwann-cell scaffold","volume":"109","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.110290","article-title":"Dual crosslinking strategy to generate mechanically viable cell-laden printable constructs using methacrylated collagen bioinks","volume":"107","author":"Kajave","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1039\/c3bm00012e","article-title":"Bio-ink properties and printability for extrusion printing living cells","volume":"1","author":"Chung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1080\/15685551.2015.1041075","article-title":"Development and characterization of gelatin-tamarind gum\/carboxymethyl tamarind gum based phase-separated hydrogels: A comparative study","volume":"18","author":"Shaw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Des. Monomers Polym."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2017.12.018","article-title":"Mechanical behaviour of alginate-gelatin hydrogels for 3D bioprinting","volume":"79","author":"Law","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.34420","article-title":"3D Bioprinting of heterogeneous aortic valve conduits with alginate\/gelatin hydrogels","volume":"101A","author":"Duan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.11591\/eei.v9i4.2392","article-title":"Investigation on the printability of bioink based on alginate-gelatin hydrogel and liquid crystals","volume":"9","author":"Abdulmaged","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Electr. Eng. Informatics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1080\/08927022.2012.669478","article-title":"Modelling complex liquid crystal mixtures: From polymer dispersed mesophase to nematic nanocolloids","volume":"38","author":"Soule","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Simul."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133003","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-648X\/aa5706","article-title":"Liquid crystals in micron-scale droplets, shells and fibers","volume":"29","author":"Urbanski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acharya, B.R. (2011). Applications of liquid crystals in chemical and biological detection. SPIE Newsroom.","DOI":"10.1117\/2.1201101.003438"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pr\u00e9v\u00f4t, M.E., Ustunel, S., and Hegmann, E. (2018). Liquid Crystal Elastomers\u2014A Path to Biocompatible and Biodegradable 3D-LCE Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11030377"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.16943\/ptinsa\/2016\/v82i1\/48445","article-title":"Liquid Crystal Biosensors: New Approaches","volume":"82","author":"Sidiq","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000797","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202000797","article-title":"Liquid-Crystal-Elastomer-Based Dissipative Structures by Digital Light Processing 3D Printing","volume":"32","author":"Traugutt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.9.22","article-title":"Liquid-crystalline nanoarchitectures for tissue engineering","volume":"9","author":"Sung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4176","DOI":"10.1039\/C7SM00384F","article-title":"Cholesteric liquid crystals in living matter","volume":"13","author":"Mitov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbw035","article-title":"Construction of physical crosslink-based chitosan\/liquid crystal composite hydrogel and evaluation on their cytocompatibility","volume":"4","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328217733378","article-title":"The effects of liquid crystal-based composite substrates on cell functional responses of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells by mechano-regulatory process","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-020-03421-y","article-title":"Alginate-gelatin bioink for bioprinting of hela spheroids in alginate-gelatin hexagon shaped scaffolds","volume":"78","author":"Othman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmaterialslett.0c00224","article-title":"Cholesteryl Ester Liquid Crystal Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering Applications","volume":"2","author":"Nasajpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.08.025","article-title":"Improving blood-compatibility via surface heparin-immobilization based on a liquid crystalline matrix","volume":"58","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Li, Q., Xu, S., Zheng, Q., and Cao, X. (2018). Preparation and Properties of 3D Printed Alginate\u2013Chitosan Polyion Complex Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10060664"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2013.10.011","article-title":"Biophysical characteristics of cells cultured on cholesteryl ester liquid crystals","volume":"56","author":"Soon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Soon, C.F. (2011). Development of a Novel Cell Traction Force Transducer Based on Cholesteryl Ester Liquid Crystals. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bradford]."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"115514","article-title":"Alginate hydrogels for bone tissue engineering, from injectables to bioprinting: A review","volume":"229","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1081\/MA-100103352","article-title":"Blend films from sodium alginate and gelatin solutions","volume":"38","author":"Xiao","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci. Part A"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10616-017-0168-2","article-title":"Comparison of biophysical properties characterized for microtissues cultured using microencapsulation and liquid crystal based 3D cell culture techniques","volume":"70","author":"Soon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cytotechnology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-014-0851-0","article-title":"Alginate\/Polyoxyethylene and Alginate\/Gelatin Hydrogels: Preparation, Characterization, and Application in Tissue Engineering","volume":"173","author":"Aroguz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201720170071","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of alginate and gelatin microcapsules containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus","volume":"89","author":"Lopes","year":"2017","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Ciencias"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9662","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.152667399","article-title":"Self-assembling biomaterials: Liquid crystal phases of cholesteryl oligo(L-lactic acid) and their interactions with cells","volume":"99","author":"Hwang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1039\/c3tb21509a","article-title":"Fabrication of alginate\u2013gelatin crosslinked hydrogel microcapsules and evaluation of the microstructure and physico-chemical properties","volume":"2","author":"Sarker","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/asiamat.2010.200","article-title":"Hydrogels with self-assembling ordered structures and their functions","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"NPG Asia Mater."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, J.-Y., Ma, D.H.-K., Lai, M.-H., Li, Y.-T., Chang, R.-J., and Chen, L.-M. (2013). Characterization of Cross-Linked Porous Gelatin Carriers and Their Interaction with Corneal Endothelium: Biopolymer Concentration Effect. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054058"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.06.004","article-title":"Collagen\/chitosan\/hyaluronic acid\u2013based injectable hydrogels for tissue engineering applications\u2013design, physicochemical and biological characterization","volume":"170","author":"Gilarska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrari, M., Cirisano, F., and Mor\u00e1n, M.C. (2019). Mammalian cell behavior on hydrophobic substrates: Influence of surface properties. Colloids Interfaces, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/colloids3020048"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gun\u2019Ko, V.M., Savina, I.N., and Mikhalovsky, S.V. (2017). Properties of Water Bound in Hydrogels. Gels, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels3040037"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2007.06.019","article-title":"Surface modification and property analysis of biomedical polymers used for tissue engineering","volume":"60","author":"Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/5\/1021\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:31:37Z","timestamp":1760135497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/5\/1021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["polym14051021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym14051021","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]]}}}