{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T19:10:49Z","timestamp":1789413049613,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":195,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"Sapienza University of Rome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PH118164368214F8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PH118164368214F8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004271","name":"Sapienza University of Rome","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RM11916B88EB34A0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RM11916B88EB34A0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Graphene-based nanocomposites are largely explored for the development of sensing devices due to the excellent electrical and mechanical properties of graphene. These properties, in addition to its large specific surface area, make graphene attractive for a wide range of chemical functionalization and immobilization of (bio)molecules. Several techniques based on both top-down and bottom-up approaches are available for the fabrication of graphene fillers in pristine and functionalized forms. These fillers can be further modified to enhance their integration with polymeric matrices and substrates and to tailor the sensing efficiency of the overall nanocomposite material. In this review article, we summarize recent trends in the design and fabrication of graphene\/polymer nanocomposites (GPNs) with sensing properties that can be successfully applied in environmental and human health monitoring. Functional GPNs with sensing ability towards gas molecules, humidity, and ultraviolet radiation can be generated using graphene nanosheets decorated with metallic or metal oxide nanoparticles. These nanocomposites were shown to be effective in the detection of ammonia, benzene\/toluene gases, and water vapor in the environment. In addition, biological analytes with broad implications for human health, such as nucleic bases or viral genes, can also be detected using sensitive, graphene-based polymer nanocomposites. Here, the role of the biomolecules that are immobilized on the graphene nanomaterial as target for sensing is reviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14051030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T20:40:02Z","timestamp":1646599202000},"page":"1030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Recent Trends in Graphene\/Polymer Nanocomposites for Sensing Devices: Synthesis and Applications in Environmental and Human Health Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8394-328X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Toto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9159-709X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna","family":"Laurenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronautical Electrical and Energy Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Salaria 851-881, 00138 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2736-8580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Gabriella","family":"Santonicola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 7, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3654","DOI":"10.3390\/ma3063654","article-title":"Nanocomposites Derived from Polymers and Inorganic Nanoparticles","volume":"3","author":"Jeon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/15583720701271278","article-title":"Polymer Nanocomposites: The \u201cNano\u201d Effect on Mechanical Properties","volume":"47","author":"Crosby","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polym. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, J.X., Wong, J.F., Petr\u016f, M., Hassan, A., Nirmal, U., Othman, N., and Ilyas, R.A. (2021). Effect of Nanofillers on Tribological Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites: A Review on Recent Development. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13172867"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Schodek, D.L., Ferreira, P., and Ashby, M.F. (2009). Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Design: An Introduction for Engineers and Architects, Butterworth-Heinemann."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(04)00506-1","article-title":"Framework for nanocomposites","volume":"7","author":"Vaia","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2008.12.030","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization, electrical transport and magnetic properties of PEDOT\u2013DBSA\u2013Fe3O4 conducting nanocomposite","volume":"159","author":"De","year":"2009","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-016-0490-8","article-title":"Fabrication, Characterization and Dielectric Studies of NBR\/Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites","volume":"27","author":"Nihmath","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"096369350101000301","DOI":"10.1177\/096369350101000301","article-title":"A study of the mechanical and permeability properties of nano-and micron-TiO2 filled epoxy composites","volume":"10","author":"Ng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Compos. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2005.01.007","article-title":"Influence of dispersion states of carbon nanotubes on physical properties of epoxy nanocomposites","volume":"43","author":"Song","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/S1872-5805(14)60146-3","article-title":"Effects of carbon nanotube content on the mechanical and electrical properties of epoxy-based composites","volume":"29","author":"Vahedi","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Carbon Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2018.10.003","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of nanofiller dispersion based on grayscale image analysis: A case study on epoxy\/carbon nanocomposites","volume":"115","author":"Zaccardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.3144\/expresspolymlett.2012.107","article-title":"Enhancement of dispersion and bonding of graphene-polymer through wet transfer of functionalized graphene oxide","volume":"6","author":"Gudarzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Express Polym. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2020.123465","article-title":"Good dispersion of poly(\u03b4-gluconolactone)-grafted graphene in poly(vinyl alcohol) for significantly enhanced mechanical strength","volume":"254","author":"Goda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2008.199","article-title":"Approaching ballistic transport in suspended graphene","volume":"3","author":"Du","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03353684","article-title":"The Prospective Two-Dimensional Graphene Nanosheets: Preparation, Functionalization and Applications","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0731872","article-title":"Superior thermal conductivity of single-layer graphene","volume":"8","author":"Balandin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2014.03.001","article-title":"Graphene-polymer nanocomposites for structural and functional applications","volume":"39","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3637","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm15062j","article-title":"Reinforcement and interphase of polymer\/graphene oxide nanocomposites","volume":"22","author":"Wan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5302","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201102036","article-title":"Interphases in graphene polymer-based nanocomposites: Achievements and challenges","volume":"23","author":"Terrones","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"313","article-title":"Sensitive electrochemical DNA sensor for the detection of HIV based on a polyaniline\/graphene nanocomposite","volume":"5","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2011.05.010","article-title":"Graphene-based immunosensor for electrochemical quantification of phosphorylated p53 (S15)","volume":"699","author":"Xie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2017.03.031","article-title":"Graphene and functionalized graphene: Extraordinary prospects for nanobiocomposite materials","volume":"121","author":"Watzlawek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ponnamma, D., and Sadasivuni, K.K. (2015). Graphene\/polymer nanocomposites: Role in electronics. Graphene-Based Polymer Nanocomposites in Electronics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13875-6"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1967","article-title":"Detection of individual gas molecules adsorbed on graphene","volume":"6","author":"Schedin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1021\/nl3001293","article-title":"Selective gas sensing with a single pristine graphene transistor","volume":"12","author":"Rumyantsev","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2015.01.081","article-title":"Ammonia sensor based on polypyrrole\u2013graphene nanocomposite decorated with titania nanoparticles","volume":"41","author":"Xiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13807","DOI":"10.1021\/am5032456","article-title":"In Situ Polymerization Deposition of Porous Conducting Polymer on Reduced Graphene Oxide for Gas Sensor","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.02.012","article-title":"High-performance QCM humidity sensor based on graphene oxide\/tin oxide\/polyaniline ternary nanocomposite prepared by in-situ oxidative polymerization method","volume":"262","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.06.116","article-title":"Ultrahigh performance humidity sensor based on layer-by-layer self-assembly of graphene oxide\/polyelectrolyte nanocomposite film","volume":"203","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2019.107823","article-title":"Direct effects of UV irradiation on graphene-based nanocomposite films revealed by electrical resistance tomography","volume":"183","author":"Clausi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Santonicola, M., Toto, E., Palombi, M., Paris, C., and Laurenzi, S. (2018, January 1\u20135). Experimental study of solar radiation effects on carbon nanocomposite sensors in simulated space environment. Proceedings of the International Astronautical Congress (IAC), Bremen, Germany."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toto, E., Santonicola, M.G., Mancini, M.C., and Laurenzi, S. (2017, January 21\u201323). Ultraviolet-sensing surfaces based on hybrid nanocomposites for radiation monitoring systems. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for AeroSpace (MetroAeroSpace), Padua, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MetroAeroSpace.2017.7999599"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2020.145839","article-title":"UV-induced modification of PEDOT:PSS-based nanocomposite films investigated by Raman microscopy mapping","volume":"513","author":"Toto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2017.04.003","article-title":"Graphene based sensors and biosensors","volume":"91","author":"Justino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5461","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00573","article-title":"Bio-integrated wearable systems: A comprehensive review","volume":"119","author":"Ray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1021\/ar300159f","article-title":"Biomedical Applications of Graphene and Graphene Oxide","volume":"46","author":"Chung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12358","DOI":"10.1039\/c1jm11436k","article-title":"Graphene-based biosensors for detection of bacteria and their metabolic activities","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-019-0237-5","article-title":"Comprehensive application of graphene: Emphasis on biomedical concerns","volume":"11","author":"Syama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.09.046","article-title":"Conductive polymer-based sensors for biomedical applications","volume":"26","author":"Nambiar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/15583724.2020.1734818","article-title":"Advances in Responsively Conductive Polymer Composites and Sensing Applications","volume":"61","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polym. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(01)00946-7","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of polyaniline-based gas sensor by ultra-thin film technology","volume":"81","author":"Xie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43704","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA09438B","article-title":"Carbon nanotubes: Functionalisation and their application in chemical sensors","volume":"10","author":"Norizan","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/20550324.2018.1478765","article-title":"A review on carbon nanotubes in biosensor devices and their applications in medicine","volume":"4","author":"Sireesha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanocomposites"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-6779(02)01156-6","article-title":"Glucose sensors based on glucose-oxidase-containing polypyrrole\/aligned carbon nanotube coaxial nanowire electrodes","volume":"137","author":"Gao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2005.02.059","article-title":"Carbon-nanotubes doped polypyrrole glucose biosensor","volume":"539","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8158","DOI":"10.3390\/s91008158","article-title":"Semiconducting Metal Oxide Based Sensors for Selective Gas Pollutant Detection","volume":"9","author":"Kanan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2019.02.061","article-title":"Role of conducting polymer and metal oxide-based hybrids for applications in ampereometric sensors and biosensors","volume":"147","author":"Dakshayini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2015.02.164","article-title":"Room temperature ammonia sensor based on copper nanoparticle intercalated polyaniline nanocomposite thin films","volume":"339","author":"Patil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2009.09.005","article-title":"Polypyrrole based amperometric glucose biosensors","volume":"143","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.124774","article-title":"The role of graphene and its derivatives in modifying different phases of geopolymer composites: A review","volume":"306","author":"Krishna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.201200029","article-title":"The Fabrication, Properties, and Uses of Graphene\/Polymer Composites","volume":"213","author":"Du","year":"2012","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001105","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202001105","article-title":"Recent progress in graphene\/polymer nanocomposites","volume":"33","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137201","article-title":"Room-temperature quantum Hall effect in graphene","volume":"315","author":"Novoselov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04235","article-title":"Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry\u2019s phase in graphene","volume":"438","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2011.03.003","article-title":"Graphene based materials: Past, present and future","volume":"56","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2017.07.004","article-title":"Mechanical properties of graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites","volume":"90","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201200347","article-title":"Purified neurons can survive on peptide-free graphene layers","volume":"2","author":"Bendali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.08.065","article-title":"The promotion of neurite sprouting and outgrowth of mouse hippocampal cells in culture by graphene substrates","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.1.PEDS12374","article-title":"Biocompatibility of pristine graphene for neuronal interface","volume":"11","author":"Sahni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042003","DOI":"10.1088\/2399-1984\/ab4eff","article-title":"Top-down bottom-up graphene synthesis","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Futures"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6515","DOI":"10.1021\/ma100572e","article-title":"Graphene\/polymer nanocomposites","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5978","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.200902365","article-title":"A strategy for producing pure single-layer graphene sheets based on a confined self-assembly approach","volume":"121","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2009.09.013","article-title":"Large scale synthesis of N-doped multi-layered graphene sheets by simple arc-discharge method","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Skakalova, V., and Kaiser, A.B. (2014). 9\u2014Epitaxial growth of graphene on silicon carbide (SiC). Graphene, Woodhead Publishing. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2006.05.010","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of atomically thin graphite films on a silicon carbide substrate","volume":"67","author":"Rollings","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yazdi, G.R., Iakimov, T., and Yakimova, R. (2016). Epitaxial Graphene on SiC: A Review of Growth and Characterization. Crystals, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst6050053"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/cvde.201300051","article-title":"Review of CVD synthesis of graphene","volume":"19","author":"Munoz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Vap. Depos."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2009.02.025","article-title":"Preparation of graphene sheets by the reduction of carbon monoxide","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07872","article-title":"Longitudinal unzipping of carbon nanotubes to form graphene nanoribbons","volume":"458","author":"Kosynkin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2015.10.007","article-title":"Electrochemical exfoliation of graphite and production of functional graphene","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Colloid. Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/cey2.14","article-title":"Synthesis of graphene materials by electrochemical exfoliation: Recent progress and future potential","volume":"1","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbon Energy"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2008.215","article-title":"High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite","volume":"3","author":"Hernandez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200900242","article-title":"Liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite towards solubilized graphenes","volume":"5","author":"Bourlinos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2016.10.004","article-title":"General overview of graphene: Production, properties and application in polymer composites","volume":"215","author":"Phiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7363","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00128","article-title":"Charged carbon nanomaterials: Redox chemistries of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphenes","volume":"118","author":"Clancy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2015.05.038","article-title":"Graphene prepared by thermal reduction\u2013exfoliation of graphite oxide: Effect of raw graphite particle size on the properties of graphite oxide and graphene","volume":"70","author":"Dao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1021\/nl080604h","article-title":"Synthesis of Water Soluble Graphene","volume":"8","author":"Si","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2007.07.059","article-title":"Soluble graphene derived from graphite fluoride","volume":"445","author":"Worsley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2009.58","article-title":"Chemical methods for the production of graphenes","volume":"4","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Chanda, M. (2017). Plastics Technology Handbook, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2614(98)00144-4","article-title":"A new structural model for graphite oxide","volume":"287","author":"He","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4477","DOI":"10.1021\/jp9731821","article-title":"Structure of graphite oxide revisited","volume":"102","author":"Lerf","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(13)70014-2","article-title":"Production and processing of graphene and 2d crystals","volume":"15","author":"Bonaccorso","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4396","DOI":"10.1021\/cm0630800","article-title":"Single sheet functionalized graphene by oxidation and thermal expansion of graphite","volume":"19","author":"McAllister","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8535","DOI":"10.1021\/jp060936f","article-title":"Functionalized single graphene sheets derived from splitting graphite oxide","volume":"110","author":"Schniepp","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2013.10.033","article-title":"Alumina-coated graphene nanosheet and its composite of acrylic rubber","volume":"416","author":"Dao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023114","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4775582","article-title":"The effect of degree of reduction on the electrical properties of functionalized graphene sheets","volume":"102","author":"Punckt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.05.033","article-title":"Towards low temperature thermal exfoliation of graphite oxide for graphene production","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5392","DOI":"10.1039\/c1jm10099h","article-title":"Vacuum-assisted synthesis of graphene from thermal exfoliation and reduction of graphite oxide","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microrel.2011.11.002","article-title":"The effects of functionalized graphene nanosheets on the thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy composites for anisotropic conductive adhesives (ACAs)","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microelectron. Reliabil."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.3144\/expresspolymlett.2011.79","article-title":"Effects of graphene oxides on the cure behaviors of a tetrafunctional epoxy resin","volume":"5","author":"Qiu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Express Polym. Lett."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.22251","article-title":"Functionalized graphene sheets-epoxy based nanocomposite for cryotank composite application","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-011-5922-9","article-title":"Thermal and electrical conductivity of Al(OH)3 covered graphene oxide nanosheet\/epoxy composites","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2013.02.018","article-title":"Enhanced mechanical properties of silanized silica nanoparticle attached graphene oxide\/epoxy composites","volume":"79","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2013.06.027","article-title":"A review on synthesis and properties of polymer functionalized graphene","volume":"54","author":"Layek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2012.03.002","article-title":"Chemical functionalization of graphene and its applications","volume":"57","author":"Kuila","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13290","DOI":"10.1039\/c1jm11434d","article-title":"In situ preparation of functionalized graphene oxide\/epoxy nanocomposites with effective reinforcements","volume":"21","author":"Bao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063785013090204","article-title":"The effect of addition of functionalized graphene oxide on the dielectric properties of epoxy composite","volume":"39","author":"Muradyan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tech. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1039\/C3PY00963G","article-title":"Functionalization of graphene with grafted polyphosphamide for flame retardant epoxy composites: Synthesis, flammability and mechanism","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2013.05.057","article-title":"Glycidyl methacrylate-modified gum arabic mediated graphene exfoliation and its use for enhancing mechanical performance of hydrogel","volume":"54","author":"Fan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7906","DOI":"10.1039\/c0jm00530d","article-title":"Recent advance in functionalized graphene\/polymer nanocomposites","volume":"20","author":"Cai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, N. (2012). Graphene nanocomposites. Composites and Their Properties, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/2816"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2015.08.055","article-title":"Graphene\/elastomer nanocomposites","volume":"95","author":"Papageorgiou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2010.11.042","article-title":"Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites","volume":"52","author":"Potts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3702","DOI":"10.1021\/am1008437","article-title":"In situ thermal preparation of polyimide nanocomposite films containing functionalized graphene sheets","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1021\/am900419m","article-title":"Graphite oxide flame-retardant polymer nanocomposites","volume":"1","author":"Higginbotham","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2008.96","article-title":"Functionalized graphene sheets for polymer nanocomposites","volume":"3","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04969","article-title":"Graphene-based composite materials","volume":"442","author":"Stankovich","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2013.03.094","article-title":"Enhanced mechanical properties of poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposites with glucose-reduced graphene oxide","volume":"102\u2013103","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2012.07.011","article-title":"Preparation of a poly(methyl methacrylate)-reduced graphene oxide composite with enhanced properties by a solution blending method","volume":"48","author":"Zeng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5094","DOI":"10.1002\/app.38136","article-title":"Reinforcement of biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) with low loadings of graphene oxide","volume":"127","author":"Wan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2012.05.011","article-title":"Cryomilling application of graphene to improve material properties of graphene\/chitosan nanocomposites","volume":"45","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2013.01.036","article-title":"Development of poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene)\/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites for barrier, dielectric and sensingapplications","volume":"96","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.4313\/TEEM.2013.14.2.53","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of graphene based unsaturated polyester resin composites","volume":"14","author":"Swain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2009.11.024","article-title":"Preparation and properties of graphene nanosheets\u2013polystyrene nanocomposites via in situ emulsion polymerization","volume":"484","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.27147","article-title":"Graphene oxide-induced polymerization and crystallization to produce highly conductive polyaniline\/graphene oxide composite","volume":"52","author":"Sabury","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. A Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1002\/app.13460","article-title":"Electrical and mechanical properties of expanded graphite-reinforced high-density polyethylene","volume":"91","author":"Zheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2009.05.038","article-title":"Processing-property relationships of polycarbonate\/graphene composites","volume":"50","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2006.11.014","article-title":"A new compounding method for exfoliated graphite\u2013polypropylene nanocomposites with enhanced flexural properties and lower percolation threshold","volume":"67","author":"Kalaitzidou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4575","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998320937341","article-title":"Experimental and multiscale quantum mechanics modeling of the mechanical properties of PVC\/graphene nanocomposite","volume":"54","author":"Mashhadzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2010.01.027","article-title":"Electrically conductive polyethylene terephthalate\/graphene nanocomposites prepared by melt compounding","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1447","article-title":"Quantitative equivalence between polymer nanocomposites and thin polymer films","volume":"4","author":"Bansal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1112217","article-title":"Structural relaxation of polymer glasses at surfaces, interfaces, and in between","volume":"309","author":"Priestley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2017.01.025","article-title":"Influence of chain mobility on rheological, dielectric and electromagnetic interference shielding properties of poly methyl-methacrylate composites filled with graphene and carbon nanotube","volume":"142","author":"Zakiyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2021.107237","article-title":"Enhanced thermally conductive and thermomechanical properties of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)\/graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) nanocomposites for radiator of electronic components","volume":"101","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7565","DOI":"10.1021\/jp071761s","article-title":"Graphite Nanoplatelet\u2212Epoxy Composite Thermal Interface Materials","volume":"111","author":"Yu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200802317","article-title":"Carbon nanosheets for polymeric nanocomposites with high thermal conductivity","volume":"21","author":"Veca","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2008.02.008","article-title":"Improved thermal conductivity for chemically functionalized exfoliated graphite\/epoxy composites","volume":"46","author":"Ganguli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2016.01.088","article-title":"Ultrahigh electrically and thermally conductive self-aligned graphene\/polymer composites using large-area reduced graphene oxides","volume":"101","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12709","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm30590a","article-title":"Self-alignment and high electrical conductivity of ultralarge graphene oxide\u2013polyurethane nanocomposites","volume":"22","author":"Yousefi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15113","DOI":"10.1021\/am503238z","article-title":"Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Influence of the State of Dispersion of Graphene on the Percolation Threshold of Conductive Graphene\/Polystyrene Nanocomposites","volume":"6","author":"Tkalya","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4928293","article-title":"Percolation threshold and electrical conductivity of graphene-based nanocomposites with filler agglomeration and interfacial tunneling","volume":"118","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24193","DOI":"10.1021\/jp309067e","article-title":"Nanoindentation assessment of the interphase in carbon nanotube-based hierarchical composites","volume":"116","author":"Ania","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2010.05.008","article-title":"Characterization of the interphase in carbon fiber\/polymer composites using a nanoscale dynamic mechanical imaging technique","volume":"48","author":"Gu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1163\/156856100743248","article-title":"Determining the interphase thickness and properties in polymer matrix composites using phase imaging atomic force microscopy and nanoindentation","volume":"14","author":"Downing","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-018-2624-0","article-title":"Effects of Size and Aggregation\/Agglomeration of Nanoparticles on the Interfacial\/Interphase Properties and Tensile Strength of Polymer Nanocomposites","volume":"13","author":"Ashraf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1080\/09276440.2020.1794164","article-title":"Evaluation of the mechanical properties of graphene-based nanocomposites incorporating a graded interphase based on isoparametric graded finite element model","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/15685543.2012.712486","article-title":"Mechanical and AFM investigations of elastomers filled with multiwall carbon nanotubes","volume":"19","author":"Bokobza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compos. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1002\/app.27210","article-title":"Thermal and mechanical properties of a poly (\u03f5-caprolactone)\/graphite oxide composite","volume":"107","author":"Kai","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"2929","article-title":"Thin-film particles of graphite oxide 1: High-yield synthesis and flexibility of the particles","volume":"42","author":"Hirata","year":"2004","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3441","DOI":"10.1021\/cm100477v","article-title":"Graphene\/polyurethane nanocomposites for improved gas barrier and electrical conductivity","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702891","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201702891","article-title":"Recent advances in sensing applications of graphene assemblies and their composites","volume":"27","author":"Tung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2017.12.028","article-title":"Graphene and its sensor-based applications: A review","volume":"270","author":"Nag","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernaez, M. (2020). Applications of Graphene-Based Materials in Sensors. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113196"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3823","DOI":"10.1039\/C3RA45013A","article-title":"Role of graphene\/metal oxide composites as photocatalysts, adsorbents and disinfectants in water treatment: A review","volume":"4","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19491","DOI":"10.1039\/C6NR07249F","article-title":"When biomolecules meet graphene: From molecular level interactions to material design and applications","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b11226","article-title":"Molecular interactions between graphene and biological molecules","volume":"139","author":"Zou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2020.114558","article-title":"Investigation of NH3 gas sensing behavior of intercalated PPy\u2013GO\u2013WO3 hybrid nanocomposite at room temperature","volume":"257","author":"Albaris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B Solid-State Mater. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-018-2317-7","article-title":"Highly conductive polyaniline\/graphene nano-platelet composite sensor towards detection of toluene and benzene gases","volume":"125","author":"Khasim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2014.9117","article-title":"Polymer composites with graphene nanofillers: Electrical properties and applications","volume":"14","author":"Tjong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hazra, S.K., and Basu, S. (2016). Graphene-Oxide Nano Composites for Chemical Sensor Applications. C, 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/c2020012"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2015.02.002","article-title":"Recent progress in applications of graphene oxide for gas sensing: A review","volume":"878","author":"Toda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1595\/147106711X540346","article-title":"Palladium-based alloy membranes for separation of high purity hydrogen from hydrogen-containing gas mixtures","volume":"55","author":"Burkhanov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Platin. Met. Rev."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4236\/snl.2013.34A003","article-title":"Nickel decorated single-wall carbon nanotube as CO sensor","volume":"3","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2019.03.124","article-title":"High-performance room temperature NH3 gas sensors based on polyaniline-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite sensitive membrane","volume":"789","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.12.063","article-title":"Graphene oxide\/chitosan nanocomposite coated quartz crystal microbalance sensor for detection of amine vapors","volume":"243","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(91)80202-U","article-title":"Solubility interactions and the design of chemically selective sorbent coatings for chemical sensors and arrays","volume":"3","author":"Grate","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2014.09.023","article-title":"Chemically modified graphene\/PEDOT:PSS nanocomposite films for hydrogen gas sensing","volume":"81","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1039\/c4pp90032d","article-title":"Ozone depletion and climate change: Impacts on UV radiation","volume":"14","author":"Bais","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-020-02710-x","article-title":"Review of Wearable and Portable Sensors for Monitoring Personal Solar UV Exposure","volume":"49","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-021-02216-8","article-title":"Wearable ultraviolet radiation sensors for research and personal use","volume":"66","author":"Henning","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/php.13402","article-title":"A Need to Revise Human Exposure Limits for Ultraviolet UV-C Radiation","volume":"97","author":"Sliney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optmat.2019.04.041","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of GO-ZnO nanocomposite for UV detection application","volume":"92","author":"Alamdari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Mater."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-020-03405-x","article-title":"ZnO UV photodetectors modified by Ag nanoparticles using all-inkjet-printing","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30148","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.030148","article-title":"Ag nanoparticles@ ZnO nanowire composite arrays: An absorption enhanced UV photodetector","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C., Zhou, P., Wang, N., Ma, Y., and San, H. (2018). UV-assisted photochemical synthesis of reduced graphene oxide\/ZnO nanowires composite for photoresponse enhancement in UV photodetectors. Nanomaterials, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8010026"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6919","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-017-6392-x","article-title":"Graphene oxide incorporated ZnO nanostructures as a powerful ultraviolet composite detector","volume":"28","author":"Zare","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295701","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/24\/29\/295701","article-title":"An ultraviolet photodetector fabricated from WO3 nanodiscs\/reduced graphene oxide composite material","volume":"24","author":"Shao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s12274-010-1031-3","article-title":"Ultraviolet photoconductance of a single hexagonal WO3 nanowire","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Res."},{"key":"ref_170","unstructured":"Santonicola, M.G., Coscia, M.G., Botti, S., and Laurenzi, S. (October, January 29). Graphene\/DNA nanostructured films for bioinspired sensing of UV radiation effects. Proceedings of the International Astronautical Congress (IAC), Toronto, ON, Canada."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santonicola, M.G., Coscia, M.G., Sirilli, M., and Laurenzi, S. (2015, January 25\u201329). Nanomaterial-based biosensors for a real-time detection of biological damage by UV light. Proceedings of the 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Milano, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2015.7319368"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2018.10.236","article-title":"Functional nanocomposites with graphene-DNA hybrid fillers: Synthesis and surface properties under UV irradiation","volume":"45","author":"Toto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.200803633","article-title":"Aqueous stabilization and self-assembly of graphene sheets into layered bio-nanocomposites using DNA","volume":"21","author":"Patil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.1039\/c2sm07148g","article-title":"Influence of DNA conformation on the dispersion of SWNTs: Single-strand DNA vs. hairpin DNA","volume":"8","author":"Hain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toto, E., Laurenzi, S., and Santonicola, M.G. (2020). Flexible Nanocomposites Based on Polydimethylsiloxane Matrices with DNA-Modified Graphene Filler: Curing Behavior by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12102301"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1039\/c3lc50426c","article-title":"Simple replica micromolding of biocompatible styrenic elastomers","volume":"13","author":"Borysiak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002681","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202002681","article-title":"Recent Advances in Nanomaterial-Enabled Wearable Sensors: Material Synthesis, Sensor Design, and Personal Health Monitoring","volume":"16","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, S., Zhang, A., and Su, M. (2016). Nanomaterials for Biosensing Applications. Nanomaterials, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano6040058"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700024","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201700024","article-title":"Advanced materials for health monitoring with skin-based wearable devices","volume":"6","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805921","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201805921","article-title":"Significance of nanomaterials in wearables: A review on wearable actuators and sensors","volume":"31","author":"Jayathilaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2019.100523","article-title":"Reviews of wearable healthcare systems: Materials, devices and system integration","volume":"140","author":"Lou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2010.02.008","article-title":"Improved voltammetric peak separation and sensitivity of uric acid and ascorbic acid at nanoplatelets of graphitic oxide","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2010.10.002","article-title":"A voltammetric sensor based on graphene-modified electrode for simultaneous determination of catechol and hydroquinone","volume":"650","author":"Du","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7387","DOI":"10.1021\/ac101519v","article-title":"Direct voltammetric detection of DNA and pH sensing on epitaxial graphene: An insight into the role of oxygenated defects","volume":"82","author":"Lim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5603","DOI":"10.1021\/ac900136z","article-title":"Electrochemical sensing and biosensing platform based on chemically reduced graphene oxide","volume":"81","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santonicola, M.G. (2018). Label-Free Biosensing Platforms Based on Graphene\/DNA Interfaces. Graphene Bioelectronics, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813349-1.00008-1"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2016.07.069","article-title":"DNA self-assembly on graphene surface studied by SERS mapping","volume":"109","author":"Botti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201102850","article-title":"Nucleic acid functionalized graphene for biosensing","volume":"18","author":"Bonanni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eur. J."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.4164","article-title":"Graphene-polymer nanocomposites for biomedical applications","volume":"29","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2009.09.004","article-title":"Glucose oxidase\u2013graphene\u2013chitosan modified electrode for direct electrochemistry and glucose sensing","volume":"25","author":"Kang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2009.06.054","article-title":"Glucose biosensor based on immobilization of glucose oxidase in platinum nanoparticles\/graphene\/chitosan nanocomposite film","volume":"80","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2717","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2012.702173","article-title":"Graphene Doped Molecularly Imprinted Electrochemical Sensor for Uric Acid","volume":"45","author":"Lian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2016.05.014","article-title":"Graphene and the immune system: Challenges and potentiality","volume":"105","author":"Orecchioni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14915","DOI":"10.1021\/jp1020593","article-title":"Highly Sensitive and Selective Dopamine Biosensor Fabricated with Silanized Graphene","volume":"114","author":"Hou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2016.05.037","article-title":"A paper based graphene-nanocauliflower hybrid composite for point of care biosensing","volume":"85","author":"Burrs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/5\/1030\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:32:05Z","timestamp":1760135525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/5\/1030"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"references-count":195,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["polym14051030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym14051030","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]}}}