{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:10:25Z","timestamp":1787062225902,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydraulic fracturing operations target enhancing the productivity of tight formations through viscous fluid injection to break down the formation and transport proppant. Crosslinked polymers are usually used for desired viscoelasticity of the fracturing fluid; however, viscoelastic surfactants (VES) became a possible replacement due to their less damaging impact. To design a fracturing fluid with exceptional rheological and thermal stability, we investigated mixing zwitterionic VES with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), or a poly diallyl dimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC) polymers. As a base fluid, calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution was prepared with either distilled water or seawater before adding a polymer and the VES. A Chandler high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) viscometer was used to conduct the viscosity measurements at a shear rate of 100 1\/s. It has been found that adding 1% CMC polymer to 9% (v\/v) VES increases the viscosity more compared to 10% (v\/v) VES at reservoir temperatures of 143.3 \u00b0C. On the other hand, adding only 1.0% of HEC to 9% (v\/v) VES doubled the viscosity and proved more effective than adding CMC. HEC, nevertheless, reduced the system stability at high temperatures (i.e., 148.9 \u00b0C). Adding DADMAC polymer (DP) to VES increased the system viscosity and maintained high stability at high temperatures despite being exposed to saltwater. CaCl2 concentration was also shown to affect rheology at different temperatures. The improved viscosity through the newly designed polymer can reduce chemical costs (i.e., reducing VES load), making it more efficient in hydraulic fracturing operations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14061145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T21:44:17Z","timestamp":1647207857000},"page":"1145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Synergetic Impact of Anionic, Cationic, and Neutral Polymers on VES Rheology at High-Temperature Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Amro","family":"Othman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Petroleum Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6533-1327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"AlSulaimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker Hughes, Dhahran 31952, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3540-6807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murtada Saleh","family":"Aljawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Petroleum Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3506-8238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiv Shankar","family":"Sangaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker Hughes, Dhahran 31952, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2359-836X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Shahzad","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Integrative Petroleum Research, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4395-9567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Petroleum Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Economides, M.J., and Nolte, K.G. 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