{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:46:08Z","timestamp":1790837168494,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]],"date-time":"2022-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Fund of Ministry of Education (Research on Chinese Traditional Fiber Product Design Strategy Based on DFS Theory)","award":["20YJC760037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20YJC760037"]}]},{"name":"Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project of Zhejiang Province","award":["21NDQN234YB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21NDQN234YB"]}]},{"name":"Talent Introduction Program of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University","award":["19082425-Y and 19082153-Y"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19082425-Y and 19082153-Y"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The bio-oil phenol-formaldehyde (BPF) resin, prepared by using bio-oil as a substitute for phenol, has similar bonding strength but lower price to phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin. As a common adhesive for outdoor wood, the aging performance of BPF resin is particularly important. The variations in mass, bonding strength, microstructure, atomic composition, and chemical structure of BPF resin under five aging conditions (heat treatment, water immersion, UV exposure, hydrothermal treatment, and weatherometer treatment) were characterized by scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Compared under five aging conditions, after aging 960 h, the mass loss of plywood and film was largest under hydrothermal treatment; the bonding strength of plywood, the surface roughness, and O\/C ratio of the resin film changed most obviously under weatherometer treatment. FT-IR analysis showed that the decreased degree of peak intensity on CH2 and C\u2013O\u2013C characteristic peaks of BPF resin were weaker under water immersion, hydrothermal treatment, and weatherometer treatment than those of PF resin. The comparison of data between BPF and PF resins after aging 960 h showed that adding bio-oil could obviously weaken the aging effect of water but slightly enhance that of heat. The results could provide a basis for the aging resistance modification of BPF resin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14071352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T21:29:36Z","timestamp":1648416576000},"page":"1352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Aging Behaviors of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Modified by Bio-Oil under Five Aging Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0799-8956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxiang","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Material Innovation Design and Intelligent Interaction, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 928 Seconded Avenue, Xiasha High Education Zone, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Material Innovation Design and Intelligent Interaction, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 928 Seconded Avenue, Xiasha High Education Zone, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenxin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Material Innovation Design and Intelligent Interaction, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 928 Seconded Avenue, Xiasha High Education Zone, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianmin","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danni","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Material Innovation Design and Intelligent Interaction, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, 928 Seconded Avenue, Xiasha High Education Zone, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarika, P.R., Nancarrow, P., Khansaheb, A., and Ibrahim, T. (2020). Bio-based alternatives to phenol and formaldehyde for the production of resins. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12102237"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28924","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA06487G","article-title":"Research status, industrial application demand and prospects of phenolic resin","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100434","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.202100434","article-title":"A review on lignin-based phenolic resin adhesive","volume":"7","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29255","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA04827H","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of a nanolignin phenol formaldehyde resin by replacing phenol partially with lignin nanoparticles","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solt, P., R\u00f6\u00dfiger, B., Konnerth, J., and Van, H. (2018). Lignin phenol formaldehyde resoles using base-catalysed depolymerized Kraft lignin. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10101162"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.03.211","article-title":"Depolymerization and characterization of Acacia mangium tannin for the preparation of mussel-inspired fast-curing tannin-based phenolic resins","volume":"370","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"180","article-title":"Thermal stability and thermal degradation study of phenolic resin modified by cardanol","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2014.08.121","article-title":"Production, separation and applications of phenolic-rich bio-oil\u2014A review","volume":"178","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.110152","article-title":"Thermochemical production of bio-oil: A review of downstream processing technologies for bio-oil upgrading, production of hydrogen and high value-added products","volume":"135","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"135","article-title":"Biomass Pyrolysis Oil Feedstocks for Phenolic Adhesives","volume":"Volume 3","author":"Richard","year":"1989","journal-title":"Adhesives from Renewable Resources"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1080\/01694243.2015.1080474","article-title":"Adhesive characteristics and bonding performance of phenol formaldehyde modi-fied with phenol-rich fraction of crude bio-oil","volume":"29","author":"Aslan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bio-oil from whole-tree feedstock in resol-type phenolic resins","volume":"40014","author":"Chaouch","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bio-oil as substitute of phenol for synthesis of resol-type phenolic resin as wood adhesive","volume":"16","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. React. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2018.1481400","article-title":"Synthesis of biobased phenolic resins using catalytic pyrolysis oil and its effect on oriented strand board performance","volume":"96","author":"Kokten","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46995","DOI":"10.1002\/app.46995","article-title":"Preparation of highly phenol substituted bio-oil\u2013phenol\u2013formaldehyde adhesives with enhanced bonding performance using furfural as crosslinking agent","volume":"136","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1080\/01694243.2020.1784540","article-title":"Bio-oil-based phenol\u2013formaldehyde resin: Compar-ison of weight- and molar-based substitution of phenol with bio-oil","volume":"34","author":"Celikbag","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"387","article-title":"Improving performance of phenol-formaldehyde resins modified\/blended with phenol-rich pyrolysis bio-oil","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"For. Prod. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770355","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2021.770355","article-title":"Techno-economical evaluation of bio-oil production via biomass fast pyrolysis process: A review","volume":"9","author":"Inayat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2021.121930","article-title":"Influence of extraction solvents on the recovery yields and properties of bio-oils from woody biomass liquefaction in sub-critical water, ethanol or water\u2013ethanol mixed solvent","volume":"307","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-019-01485-w","article-title":"Evaluating the durability of struc-tural glulam bonded with aqueous polymer-isocyanate adhesive by two kinds of accelerated aging treatments","volume":"78","author":"Okada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-021-01665-7","article-title":"A review of the long-term effects of humidity on the mechanical properties of wood and wood-based products","volume":"79","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"349","article-title":"Design and ageing of adhesives for structural adhesive bonding\u2014A review","volume":"229","author":"Pethrick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part L J. Mater. Des. Appl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55007","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA07597E","article-title":"Thermal stability of phenolic resin: New insights based on bond dissociation energy and reactivity of functional groups","volume":"6","author":"Bian","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1002\/app.36550","article-title":"Microstructure evolution of ammonia-catalyzed phenolic resin during thermooxidative aging","volume":"6","author":"Guo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Xi, X., Lei, H., Liang, J., Liao, J., and Du, G. (2019). Study on soy-based adhesives enhanced by phenol formaldehyde cross-linker. Polymers, 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11020365"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.24785","article-title":"Investigation of aging performance of bio-oil phenol-formaldehyde resin with the treatment of artificial accelerated aging method","volume":"58","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Xu, P., Chang, M., and Chang, J. (2018). Aging Properties of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Modified by Bio-Oil Using UV Weathering. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10111183"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2013.02.001","article-title":"A study of the impact of humid aging on the strength of industrial adhesive joints","volume":"44","author":"Leger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.22867","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of phenol-urea-formaldehyde foaming resin used to block air leakage in mining","volume":"35","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2008.04.013","article-title":"A novel thermal degradation mechanism of phenol-formaldehyde type resins","volume":"476","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2013.01.015","article-title":"Influence of moisture on stress-strain behavior of adhesives used for structural bonding of wood","volume":"44","author":"Klausler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, P., Yu, Y., Chang, M., and Chang, J. (2019). Preparation and characterization of bio-oil phenolic foam reinforced with montmorillonite. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11091471"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2015.12.004","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of a novel environmentally friendly phenol\u2013formaldehyde adhesive modified with tannin and urea","volume":"66","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2016.02.051","article-title":"Examination of the chemical changes in cured phe-nol-formaldehyde resins during storage","volume":"1441","author":"Strzemiecka","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/7\/1352\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:44:05Z","timestamp":1760136245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/7\/1352"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["polym14071352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym14071352","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]]}}}