{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T21:54:20Z","timestamp":1770155660703,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Russian Foundation for Promotion of Innovation","award":["14908\u0393\u0423\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14908\u0393\u0423\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work evaluated the fracture toughness of the low-temperature carbonized elastomer-based composites filled with shungite and short carbon fibers. The effects of the carbonization temperature and filler content on the critical stress intensity factor (K1c) were examined. The K1c parameter was obtained using three-point bending tests for specimens with different l\/b ratio (notch depth to sample thickness) ranging from 0.2 to 0.4. Reliable detection of the initiation and propagation of cracks was achieved using an acoustic sensor was attached to the samples during the bending test. The critical stress intensity factor was found to decrease linearly with increasing carbonization temperature. As the temperature increased from 280 to 380 \u00b0C, the K1c parameter was drastically reduced from about 5 to 1 MPa\u00b7m1\/2 and was associated with intense outgassing during the carbonization step that resulted in sample porosity. The carbon fiber addition led to some incremental toughening; however, it reduced the statistical dispersion of the K1c values.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14091793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T22:20:20Z","timestamp":1651098020000},"page":"1793","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Fracture Toughness of Moldable Low-Temperature Carbonized Elastomer-Based Composites Filled with Shungite and Short Carbon Fibers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7415-5513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Semen D.","family":"Ignatyev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, NUST MISiS, 119049 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1105-9206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugene S.","family":"Statnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HSM Laboratory, Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skoltech, 121205 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1553-4526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitriy Yu.","family":"Ozherelkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalysis Laboratory, NUST MISIS, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5134-475X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry D.","family":"Zherebtsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, NUST MISiS, 119049 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9048-8083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey I.","family":"Salimon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, NUST MISiS, 119049 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"HSM Laboratory, Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skoltech, 121205 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4528-150X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dilyus I.","family":"Chukov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, NUST MISiS, 119049 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4357-4509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor V.","family":"Tcherdyntsev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, NUST MISiS, 119049 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0034-7587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey A.","family":"Stepashkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, NUST MISiS, 119049 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3558-5198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Korsunsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MBLEM, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.23999","article-title":"Fracture toughness of woven glass and carbon reinforced hybrid and non-hybrid composite plates","volume":"39","author":"Arasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. 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