{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T22:00:34Z","timestamp":1788559234041,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","award":["UPNM\/2018\/CHEMDEF\/ST\/4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UPNM\/2018\/CHEMDEF\/ST\/4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chlorine gas is extensively utilised in industries as both a disinfectant and for wastewater treatment. It has a pungent and irritating odour that is comparable with that of bleach and can cause serious health issues such as headaches and breathing difficulties. Hence, efficiently, and accurately monitoring chlorine gas is critical to ensure that no undesirable incidents occur. Due to its remarkable characteristics, numerous researchers have explored the potential of ferrite nanoparticles as a sensing material for chlorine gas detection. Among several ferrite nanoparticles, nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) is extensively studied as an inverse spinel structured magnetic material that may be ideal for sensing applications. However, the magnetic characteristics of NiFe2O4 cause agglomeration, which necessitates the use of a substrate for stabilisation. Therefore, nanocellulose (NC), as a green and eco-friendly substrate, is ideal for stabilising bare nickel ferrite nanoparticles. In a novel experiment, nickel ferrite was loaded onto NC as a substrate using in situ deposition. The structure was confirmed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, while elemental composition was verified by Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Gas sensing properties were determined by evaluating sensitivity as a function of various regulating factors, such as the amount of nickel ferrite, gas concentration, repeatability, and reusability. In the evaluation, 0.3 g nickel ferrite showed superior response and sensitivity than those of other samples. The achieved response time was around 40 s, while recovery time was about 50 s. This study demonstrates the potential of a nickel ferrite\/nanocellulose-based nanocomposite to efficiently monitor chlorine gas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14091906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T21:31:20Z","timestamp":1652045480000},"page":"1906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Fabrication of a Nickel Ferrite\/Nanocellulose-Based Nanocomposite as an Active Sensing Material for the Detection of Chlorine Gas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3132-457X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurjahirah","family":"Janudin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noor Azilah Mohd","family":"Kasim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Feizal Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2101-5642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Nor Faiz","family":"Norrrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mas Amira Idayu Abdul","family":"Razak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norhana","family":"Abdul Halim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siti Aminah","family":"Mohd Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keat Khim","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"},{"name":"Centre for Defence Foundation Studies, Department of Chemistry and Biology, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3026-3202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Hanif","family":"Yaacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless and Photonic Research Centre (WiPNET), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Zamharir","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaysia Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Lot PT3747, Jalan Tambun Tulang, Arau 02600, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan Md Zin Wan","family":"Yunus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Tropicalisation, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., McAdam, E., Zhang, Y., Heaven, S., Banks, C., and Longhurst, P. 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