{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:03:17Z","timestamp":1787029397969,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Aix Marseille University"},{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work is devoted to the study of two copper complexes (Cu) bearing pyridine ligands, which were synthesized, evaluated and tested as new visible light photoinitiators for the free radical photopolymerization (FRP) of acrylates functional groups in thick and thin samples upon light-emitting diodes (LED) at 405 and 455 nm irradiation. These latter wavelengths are considered to be safe to produce polymer materials. The photoinitiation abilities of these organometallic compounds were evaluated in combination with an iodonium (Iod) salt and\/or amine (e.g., N-phenylglycine\u2014NPG). Interestingly, high final conversions and high polymerization rates were obtained for both compounds using two and three-component photoinitiating systems (Cu1 (or Cu2)\/Iodonium salt (Iod) (0.1%\/1% w\/w) and Cu1 (or Cu2)\/Iod\/amine (0.1%\/1%\/1% w\/w\/w)). The new proposed copper complexes were also used for direct laser write experiments involving a laser diode at 405 nm, and for the photocomposite synthesis with glass fibers using a UV-conveyor at 395 nm. To explain the obtained polymerization results, different methods and characterization techniques were used: steady-state photolysis, real-time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (RT-FTIR), emission spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14101998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T08:37:02Z","timestamp":1652431022000},"page":"1998","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Novel Copper Complexes as Visible Light Photoinitiators for the Synthesis of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Rahal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, F-67087 Strasbourg, France"},{"name":"Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA) and LEADDER Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology (EDST), Lebanese University, Beirut 6573-14, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3547-0278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillaume","family":"Noirbent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Graff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, F-67087 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7891-5831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joumana","family":"Toufaily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA) and LEADDER Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology (EDST), Lebanese University, Beirut 6573-14, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2153-7408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tayssir","family":"Hamieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Materials, Catalysis, Environment and Analytical Methods (MCEMA) and LEADDER Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Doctoral School of Sciences and Technology (EDST), Lebanese University, Beirut 6573-14, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Gigmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4872-094X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Dumur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, F-13397 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9297-0335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacques","family":"Lalev\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, F-67087 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fouassier, J.P., and Lalev\u00e9e, J. 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