{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T02:47:02Z","timestamp":1784602022786,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia","award":["GRANT270"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRANT270"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reinforced concrete structures are subjected to frequent maintenance and repairs due to steel reinforcement corrosion. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates are widely used for retrofitting beams, columns, joints, and slabs. This study investigated the non-linear capability of artificial intelligence (AI)-based gene expression programming (GEP) modelling to develop a mathematical relationship for estimating the interfacial bond strength (IBS) of FRP laminates on a concrete prism with grooves. The model was based on five input parameters, namely axial stiffness (Eftf), width of FRP plate (bf), concrete compressive strength (fc\u2032), width of groove (bg), and depth of the groove (hg), and IBS was considered the target variable. Ten trials were conducted based on varying genetic parameters, namely the number of chromosomes, head size, and number of genes. The performance of the models was evaluated using the correlation coefficient (R), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error (RMSE). The genetic variation revealed that optimum performance was obtained for 30 chromosomes, 11 head sizes, and 4 genes. The values of R, MAE, and RMSE were observed as 0.967, 0.782 kN, and 1.049 kN for training and 0.961, 1.027 kN, and 1.354 kN. The developed model reflected close agreement between experimental and predicted results. This implies that the developed mathematical equation was reliable in estimating IBS based on the available properties of FRPs. The sensitivity and parametric analysis showed that the axial stiffness and width of FRP are the most influential parameters in contributing to IBS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14102016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T21:36:06Z","timestamp":1652736966000},"page":"2016","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["GEP Tree-Based Prediction Model for Interfacial Bond Strength of Externally Bonded FRP Laminates on Grooves with Concrete Prism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6524-4389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Nasir","family":"Amin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4317-3978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mudassir","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory for Digital Maintenance of Buildings and Infrastructure, State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7284-7348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arshad","family":"Jamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transportation and Traffic Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4310-2571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahid","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7994-4642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaffayatullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah M.","family":"Abu-Arab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4558-9635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qasem M. S.","family":"Al-Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5631-8312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sikandar","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfailanal.2014.09.006","article-title":"Nonlinear formulation based on FEM, Mazars damage criterion and Fick\u2019s law applied to failure assessment of reinforced concrete structures subjected to chloride ingress and reinforcements corrosion","volume":"46","author":"Liberati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eng. 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