{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T05:53:33Z","timestamp":1778738013261,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There are several treatment methods available for bone repair, although the effectiveness becomes limited in cases of large defects. The objective of this pre-clinical protocol was to evaluate the grafting of hydroxyapatite\/tricalcium phosphate (BCP) ceramic biomaterial (B; QualyBone BCP\u00ae, QualyLive, Amadora, Portugal) together with the heterologous fibrin biopolymer (FB; CEVAP\/UNESP Botucatu, Brazil) and with photobiomodulation (PBM; Laserpulse\u00ae, Ibramed, Amparo, Brazil) in the repair process of bone defects. Fifty-six rats were randomly divided into four groups of seven animals each: the biomaterial group (G1\/B), the biomaterial plus FB group (G2\/BFB); the biomaterial plus PBM group (G3\/B + PBM), and the biomaterial plus FB plus PBM group (G4\/BFB + PBM). After anesthesia, a critical defect was performed in the center of the rats\u2019 parietal bones, then filled and treated according to their respective groups. The rats were euthanized at 14 and 42 postoperative days. Histomorphologically, at 42 days, the G4\/BFB + PBM group showed a more advanced maturation transition, with more organized and mature bone areas forming concentric lamellae. A birefringence analysis of collagen fibers also showed a more advanced degree of maturation for the G4\/BFB + PBM group. In the comparison between the groups, in the two experimental periods (14 and 42 days), in relation to the percentage of formation of new bone tissue, a significant difference was found between all groups (G1\/B (5.42 \u00b1 1.12; 21.49 \u00b1 4.74), G2\/BFB (5.00 \u00b1 0.94; 21.77 \u00b1 2.83), G3\/B + PBM (12.65 \u00b1 1.78; 29.29 \u00b1 2.93), and G4\/BFB + PBM (12.65 \u00b1 2.32; 31.38 \u00b1 2.89)). It was concluded that the use of PBM with low-level laser therapy (LLLT) positively interfered in the repair process of bone defects previously filled with the biocomplex formed by the heterologous fibrin biopolymer associated with the synthetic ceramic of hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14102075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,20]],"date-time":"2022-05-20T00:18:11Z","timestamp":1653005891000},"page":"2075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Effects of a Biocomplex Formed by Two Scaffold Biomaterials, Hydroxyapatite\/Tricalcium Phosphate Ceramic and Fibrin Biopolymer, with Photobiomodulation, on Bone Repair"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Carlos Henrique Bertoni","family":"Reis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UNIMAR Beneficent Hospital (HBU), University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-160, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB\/USP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5881-2218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rogerio Leone","family":"Buchaim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB\/USP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Anatomy of Domestic and Wild Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (FMVZ\/USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 05508-270, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karina Torres","family":"Pomini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB\/USP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, Postgraduate Department, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul Latif","family":"Hamz\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-160, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabella Vasconcelos","family":"Zattiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-160, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3051-737X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Antonio Hungaro","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (FOB\/USP), Bauru 17012-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murilo Priori","family":"Alcalde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science, Unisagrado University Center, Bauru 17011-160, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benedito","family":"Barraviera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP), Botucatu 18610-307, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP\u2013Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6952-0512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui Seabra","family":"Ferreira J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP), Botucatu 18610-307, Brazil"},{"name":"Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP\u2013Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fenelon Martinho Lima","family":"Pontes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP\u2013Univ Estadual Paulista), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3336-309X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Roberto","family":"Grandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Anelasticidade e Biomateriais, Physics Department, Faculty of Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP\u2013Univ Estadual Paulista), Bauru 17033-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0783-3246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana de C\u00e1ssia","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB\/USP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9123-3560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone Ortiz Moura","family":"Fideles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry (FOB\/USP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renata Maria de Camargo","family":"Eug\u00eanio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marilia 17525-160, 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