{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T07:19:40Z","timestamp":1790839180386,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]],"date-time":"2022-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Convergence of Conventional Medicine and the Traditional Korean Medicine R&amp;D","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HI16C0322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI16C0322"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Increasing the demand for bone substitutes in the management of bone fractures, including osteoporotic fractures, makes bone tissue engineering (BTE) an ideal strategy for solving the constant shortage of bone grafts. Electrospun-based scaffolds have gained popularity in BTE because of their unique features, such as high porosity, a large surface-area-to-volume ratio, and their structural similarity to the native bone extracellular matrix (ECM). To imitate native bone mineralization through which bone minerals are deposited onto the bone matrix, a simple but robust post-treatment using a simulated body fluid (SBF) has been employed, thereby improving the osteogenic potential of these synthetic bone grafts. This study highlights recent electrospinning technologies that are helpful in creating more bone-like scaffolds, and addresses the progress of SBF development. Biomineralized electrospun bone scaffolds are also reviewed, based on the importance of bone mineralization in bone regeneration. This review summarizes the potential of SBF treatments for conferring the biphasic features of native bone ECM architectures onto electrospun-based bone scaffolds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14102123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T03:16:55Z","timestamp":1653362215000},"page":"2123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Bone Mineralization in Electrospun-Based Bone Tissue Engineering"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dong-Jin","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0012, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S98","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200100022-00007","article-title":"Bone-Graft Substitutes: Facts, Fictions, and Applications","volume":"83","author":"Greenwald","year":"2001","journal-title":"JBJS"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1812434","article-title":"A Not-So-New Treatment for Old Bones","volume":"379","author":"Rosen","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy (2001). Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. JAMA, 285, 785\u2013795.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.6.785"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1017","article-title":"Osteoporosis: Pathophysiology and therapeutic options","volume":"19","author":"Dovjak","year":"2020","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"92","article-title":"Osteoporosis: A Review of Treatment Options","volume":"43","author":"Tu","year":"2018","journal-title":"P T"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-010-1419-7","article-title":"Medical costs of osteoporosis in the elderly Medicare population","volume":"22","author":"Blume","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"105","article-title":"The epidemiology of osteoporosis","volume":"133","author":"Clynes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02772-0","article-title":"The global prevalence of osteoporosis in the world: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Salari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsm.2020.150780","article-title":"Autologous Bone Grafting","volume":"28","author":"Robinson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oper. Tech. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s561","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-20020502-04","article-title":"Limitations of autograft and allograft: New synthetic solutions","volume":"25","author":"Betz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.4161\/org.23306","article-title":"Bone grafts, bone substitutes and orthobiologics: The bridge between basic science and clinical advancements in fracture healing","volume":"8","author":"Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Organogenesis"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis519","article-title":"Transmission of Infection With Human Allografts: Essential Considerations in Donor Screening","volume":"55","author":"Fishman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.79B1.0790161","article-title":"Contamination of bone allografts: Analysis of incidence and predisposing factors","volume":"79","author":"Deijkers","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surgery. Br. Vol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20120725-04","article-title":"Risk of disease transmission with bone allograft","volume":"35","author":"Ng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1177\/230949900901700218","article-title":"Review article: Bone transplantation and immune response","volume":"17","author":"Shegarfi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2014.09.011","article-title":"Bone graft substitute: Allograft and xenograft","volume":"32","author":"Shibuya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"20","article-title":"Histological comparison of an allograft, a xenograft and alloplastic graft as bone substitute materials","volume":"8","author":"Nappe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Osseointegr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.06.008","article-title":"Demineralized bone matrix in bone repair: History and use","volume":"64","author":"Gruskin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.14444\/3033","article-title":"Bone substitutes and expanders in Spine Surgery: A review of their fusion efficacies","volume":"10","author":"Kadam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Spine Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7012","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86257-4","article-title":"Comparison of different protocols for demineralization of cortical bone","volume":"11","author":"Pang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2010.04.013","article-title":"Influence of hydrochloric acid concentration on the demineralization of cortical bone","volume":"89","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"524","article-title":"Clinical utility of demineralized bone matrix for osseous defects, arthrodesis, and reconstruction: Impact of processing techniques and study methodology","volume":"22","author":"Russell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(03)00005-6","article-title":"Quantitative and sensitive in vitro assay for osteoinductive activity of demineralized bone matrix","volume":"21","author":"Han","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2020.00010","article-title":"In-vivo Performance of Seven Commercially Available Demineralized Bone Matrix Fiber and Putty Products in a Rat Posterolateral Fusion Model","volume":"7","author":"Russell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevBiomedEng.v40.i5.10","article-title":"Bone tissue engineering: Recent advances and challenges","volume":"40","author":"Amini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biomed Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20003","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56508-6","article-title":"Potential of electrospun cationic BSA fibers to guide osteogenic MSC differentiation via surface charge and fibrous topography","volume":"9","author":"Raic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2020.101561","article-title":"Osteogenic Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells on Electrospun Nanofibers: A Review of Literature","volume":"25","author":"Hashemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S96","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860100282","article-title":"Osteoinduction, osteoconduction and osseointegration","volume":"10","author":"Albrektsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/187221008783478608","article-title":"Electrospinning for bone tissue engineering","volume":"2","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1002\/term.499","article-title":"Synergistic effect of scaffold composition and dynamic culturing environment in multilayered systems for bone tissue engineering","volume":"6","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1023\/B:ABME.0000017544.36001.8e","article-title":"Polymeric scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1038476","article-title":"Bone Tissue Engineering: Scaffolds with Osteoinductivity for Bone Regeneration","volume":"2017","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00121-6","article-title":"Scaffolds in tissue engineering bone and cartilage","volume":"21","author":"Hutmacher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, D.-J. (2022). Cross-Linking Agents for Electrospinning-Based Bone Tissue Engineering. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105444"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2013.0276","article-title":"Advancements in electrospinning of polymeric nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering","volume":"20","author":"Ingavle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2016.0556","article-title":"Biomimetic Mineralization of Biomaterials Using Simulated Body Fluids for Bone Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine","volume":"23","author":"Shin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2005.11.001","article-title":"Preparation of SBF with different HCO3- content and its influence on the composition of biomimetic apatites","volume":"2","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1111\/ijac.12577","article-title":"Surface Characterization and Biocompatibility of Selenium-Doped Hydroxyapatite Coating on Titanium Alloy","volume":"13","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4205","DOI":"10.1007\/s00289-018-2595-4","article-title":"Calcium phosphate compound formed on electrospun chitosan nanofibers using modified simulated body fluid","volume":"76","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Bull."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3144\/expresspolymlett.2017.3","article-title":"Biomimetic fabrication of calcium phosphate\/chitosan nanohybrid composite in modified simulated body fluids","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Express Polym. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1515\/epoly-2017-0196","article-title":"Microwave-induced rapid formation of biomimetic hydroxyapatite coating on gelatin-siloxane hybrid microspheres in 10X-SBF solution","volume":"18","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2018","journal-title":"e-Polymers"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.104713","article-title":"Historical development of simulated body fluids used in biomedical applications: A review","volume":"155","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.16.1.191","article-title":"Bone Development","volume":"16","author":"Olsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-013-9790-y","article-title":"Osteocytes: Master orchestrators of bone","volume":"94","author":"Schaffler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"421746","article-title":"Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells","volume":"2015","author":"Sasso","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"953","article-title":"Bone lining cells: Structure and function","volume":"3","author":"Miller","year":"1989","journal-title":"Scanning Microsc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, B.Q., Nurcombe, V., Cool, S.M., Van Blitterswijk, C.A., De Boer, J., and LaPointe, V.L.S. (2018). The Components of Bone and What They Can Teach Us about Regeneration. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11010014"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-005-2035-9","article-title":"The role of collagen in bone strength","volume":"17","author":"Garnero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s10867-008-9115-y","article-title":"Bone architecture: Collagen structure and calcium\/phosphorus maps","volume":"34","author":"Tzaphlidou","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Bilezikian, J.P., Raisz, L.G., and Rodan, G.A. (2002). Chapter 12\u2014Type I Collagen: Structure, Synthesis, and Regulation. Principles of Bone Biology, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202101060","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202101060","article-title":"Visualized procollagen I\u03b11 demonstrates the intracellular processing of propeptides","volume":"5","author":"Tanaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci. Alliance"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1006\/jsbi.1998.3977","article-title":"Gly-X-Y Tripeptide Frequencies in Collagen: A Context for Host\u2013Guest Triple-Helical Peptides","volume":"122","author":"Ramshaw","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2007.04.001","article-title":"Self-assembly of mineralized collagen composites","volume":"57","author":"Cui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2005.07.005","article-title":"Bone matrix like assemblies of collagen: From liquid crystals to gels and biomimetic materials","volume":"36","author":"Mosser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.68.11.2638","article-title":"Collagen biosynthesis: Synthesis and secretion of a high molecular weight collagen precursor (procollagen)","volume":"68","author":"Church","year":"1971","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9891","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)42783-9","article-title":"Formation of collagen fibrils by enzymic cleavage of precursors of type I collagen in vitro","volume":"259","author":"Miyahara","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ctdb.2018.02.004","article-title":"Chapter Three\u2014Collagen Fibril Assembly and Function","volume":"Volume 130","author":"Litscher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Current Topics in Developmental Biology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25879","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M804272200","article-title":"Collagen Fibril Formation: A new target TO limit fibrosis *","volume":"283","author":"Chung","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20040424","article-title":"The ADAMTS metalloproteinases","volume":"386","author":"Porter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5756","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M105601200","article-title":"Cloning and Characterization of ADAMTS-14, a Novel ADAMTS Displaying High Homology with ADAMTS-2 and ADAMTS-3","volume":"277","author":"Colige","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2007.05.004","article-title":"The bone morphogenetic protein 1\/Tolloid-like metalloproteinases","volume":"26","author":"Hopkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"189","article-title":"Chemical and Biochemical Basis of Cell-Bone Matrix Interaction in Health and Disease","volume":"3","author":"Feng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.107.128355","article-title":"Lateral Packing of Mineral Crystals in Bone Collagen Fibrils","volume":"95","author":"Burger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2003301","article-title":"The role of dietary calcium in bone health","volume":"62","author":"Flynn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-012-2175-z","article-title":"Phosphate homeostasis and its role in bone health","volume":"27","author":"Alon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatric Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Avioli, L.V., and Krane, S.M. (1998). Chapter 2\u2014The Nature of the Mineral Phase in Bone: Biological and Clinical Implications. Metabolic Bone Disease and Clinically Related Disorders, Academic Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-020-0204-2","article-title":"Materials design for bone-tissue engineering","volume":"5","author":"Koons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1039\/B402005G","article-title":"Structure and mechanical quality of the collagen\u2013mineral nano-composite in bone","volume":"14","author":"Fratzl","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00757","article-title":"The Bone Extracellular Matrix in Bone Formation and Regeneration","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26508","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.43.26508","article-title":"Molecular Site Specificity of Pyridinoline and Pyrrole Cross-links in Type I Collagen of Human Bone*","volume":"271","author":"Hanson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Marshall, W.J., Lapsley, M., Day, A.P., and Ayling, R.M. (2014). CHAPTER 31\u2014Metabolic bone disease. Clinical Biochemistry: Metabolic and Clinical Aspects, Churchill Livingstone. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"S186","article-title":"Pyrrolic cross-links are as abundant in human bone type I collagen as pyridinolines","volume":"9","author":"Risteli","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-017-9541-1","article-title":"The role of vasculature in bone development, regeneration and proper systemic functioning","volume":"20","author":"Filipowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1159\/000489672","article-title":"Cortical or Trabecular Bone: What\u2019s the Difference?","volume":"47","author":"Ott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.2741\/4003","article-title":"The osteon: The micromechanical unit of compact bone","volume":"17","author":"Ascenzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648049","article-title":"Electrical signal transmission and gap junction regulation in a bone cell network: A cable model for an osteon","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.278","article-title":"Making and shaping endochondral and intramembranous bones","volume":"250","author":"Galea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2003.12.003","article-title":"Matrix remodeling during endochondral ossification","volume":"14","author":"Ortega","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S131","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04151206","article-title":"Normal Bone Anatomy and Physiology","volume":"3","author":"Clarke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1365.035","article-title":"Bone remodeling","volume":"1092","author":"Hadjidakis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40634-017-0079-3","article-title":"The haematoma and its role in bone healing","volume":"4","author":"Schell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12231","article-title":"Basic concepts regarding fracture healing and the current options and future directions in managing bone fractures","volume":"12","author":"Oryan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42883","DOI":"10.1002\/app.42883","article-title":"Electrospun biodegradable nanofibers scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"133","author":"Khajavi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2014.0472","article-title":"Self-assembling peptide nanofibers coupled with neuropeptide substance P for bone tissue engineering","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2010.10.009","article-title":"Preparation, structure and crystallinity of chitosan nano-fibers by a solid\u2013liquid phase separation technique","volume":"83","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-017-5898-3","article-title":"Physicochemical and biological characteristics of BMP-2\/IGF-1-loaded three-dimensional coaxial electrospun fibrous membranes for bone defect repair","volume":"28","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57412-0","article-title":"Development of Tripolymeric Triaxial Electrospun Fibrous Matrices for Dual Drug Delivery Applications","volume":"10","author":"Nagiah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2016.01.001","article-title":"Melt electrospinning today: An opportune time for an emerging polymer process","volume":"56","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.02.024","article-title":"Melt electrospinning vs. solution electrospinning: A comparative study of drug-loaded poly (\u03b5-caprolactone) fibres","volume":"74","author":"Lian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fee, T., Surianarayanan, S., Downs, C., Zhou, Y., and Berry, J. (2016). Nanofiber Alignment Regulates NIH3T3 Cell Orientation and Cytoskeletal Gene Expression on Electrospun PCL+Gelatin Nanofibers. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154806"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2016.10.062","article-title":"Characterization of core-shell microstructure and self-healing performance of electrospun fiber coatings","volume":"107","author":"Doan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.216","article-title":"Facile fabrication of electrospun regenerated cellulose nanofiber scaffold for potential bone-tissue engineering application","volume":"122","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632029","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.632029","article-title":"Enhanced Cells Anchoring to Electrospun Hybrid Scaffolds with PHBV and HA Particles for Bone Tissue Regeneration","volume":"9","author":"Karbowniczek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.112287","article-title":"Fabrication and in vitro evaluation of PCL\/gelatin hierarchical scaffolds based on melt electrospinning writing and solution electrospinning for bone regeneration","volume":"128","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111787","article-title":"The effects of alignment and diameter of electrospun fibers on the cellular behaviors and osteogenesis of BMSCs","volume":"120","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2008.07.019","article-title":"Aligned PLGA\/HA nanofibrous nanocomposite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"5","author":"Jose","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2021.110349","article-title":"Coaxial bioelectrospinning of P34HB\/PVA microfibers biomimetic scaffolds with simultaneity cell-laden for improving bone regeneration","volume":"213","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4235235","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4235235","article-title":"Fast Coprecipitation of Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles inside Gelatin Nanofibers by Tricoaxial Electrospinning","volume":"2016","author":"Panzavolta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Udomluck, N., Koh, W.-G., Lim, D.-J., and Park, H. (2020). Recent Developments in Nanofiber Fabrication and Modification for Bone Tissue Engineering. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010099"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5298","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00593","article-title":"Electrospinning and Electrospun Nanofibers: Methods, Materials, and Applications","volume":"119","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2009.05.007","article-title":"Electrospun nanostructured scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"5","author":"Prabhakaran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.1269","article-title":"Fabrication of poly(\u03b1-hydroxy acid) foam scaffolds using multiple solvent systems","volume":"59","author":"Hu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(02)00635-X","article-title":"A biodegradable nanofiber scaffold by electrospinning and its potential for bone tissue engineering","volume":"24","author":"Yoshimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.32645","article-title":"Growth factor delivery through electrospun nanofibers in scaffolds for tissue engineering applications","volume":"93A","author":"Sahoo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1039\/C6PY01898J","article-title":"Solvent-free electrospinning: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"485","article-title":"Effect of nanofiber content on bone regeneration of silk fibroin\/poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) nano\/microfibrous composite scaffolds","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saidy, N.T., Shabab, T., Bas, O., Rojas-Gonz\u00e1lez, D.M., Menne, M., Henry, T., Hutmacher, D.W., Mela, P., and De-Juan-Pardo, E.M. (2020). Melt Electrowriting of Complex 3D Anatomically Relevant Scaffolds. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00793"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2018.05.036","article-title":"Design and fabrication of melt electrowritten tubes using intuitive software","volume":"155","author":"McColl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2018.05.034","article-title":"Novel polycaprolactone\/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite fibrous scaffolds by direct melt-electrospinning writing","volume":"105","author":"Abbasi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b16057","article-title":"Facile Strategy to Generate Aligned Polymer Nanofibers: Effects on Cell Adhesion","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1890","article-title":"Local force and geometry sensing regulate cell functions","volume":"7","author":"Vogel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2011.01.008","article-title":"The effect of poly (L-lactic acid) nanofiber orientation on osteogenic responses of human osteoblast-like MG63 cells","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/08977194.2017.1401618","article-title":"Continuous stimulation with differentiation factors is necessary to enhance osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in-vitro","volume":"35","author":"Reible","year":"2017","journal-title":"Growth Factors"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2004.02.002","article-title":"An Alizarin red-based assay of mineralization by adherent cells in culture: Comparison with cetylpyridinium chloride extraction","volume":"329","author":"Gregory","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1021\/bm015533u","article-title":"Electrospinning of Collagen Nanofibers","volume":"3","author":"Matthews","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2007.07.023","article-title":"Control of electrospun mat width through the use of parallel auxiliary electrodes","volume":"48","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0344256","article-title":"Electrospinning of Polymeric and Ceramic Nanofibers as Uniaxially Aligned Arrays","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0486158","article-title":"Continuous Electrospinning of Aligned Polymer Nanofibers onto a Wire Drum Collector","volume":"4","author":"Katta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.200900101","article-title":"Fabrication of Aligned Poly(L-lactide) Fibers by Electrospinning and Drawing","volume":"294","author":"Afifi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-009-4196-y","article-title":"Electric-magnetic field-induced aligned electrospun poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) nanofibers","volume":"45","author":"Ajao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2014.08.045","article-title":"Advanced centrifugal electrospinning setup","volume":"136","author":"Kancheva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-010-0106-3","article-title":"Osteogenic differentiation of marrow stromal cells on random and aligned electrospun poly(L-lactide) nanofibers","volume":"39","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed Eng."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delaine-Smith, R.M., Hann, A.J., Green, N.H., and Reilly, G.C. (2021). Electrospun Fiber Alignment Guides Osteogenesis and Matrix Organization Differentially in Two Different Osteogenic Cell Types. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.672959"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/15583720802022257","article-title":"Co-axial Electrospinning for Nanofiber Structures: Preparation and Applications","volume":"48","author":"Moghe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polym. Rev."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8241","DOI":"10.1021\/am402376c","article-title":"Triaxial Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes for Controlled Dual Release of Functional Molecules","volume":"5","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1391","article-title":"Coaxial electrospun fibers: Applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"WIREs Nanomed. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025008","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/aafbf1","article-title":"Hybrid core\u2013shell scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"14","author":"Kareem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.08.046","article-title":"Coaxial electrospun aligned tussah silk fibroin nanostructured fiber scaffolds embedded with hydroxyapatite-tussah silk fibroin nanoparticles for bone tissue engineering","volume":"58","author":"Shao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201100470","article-title":"Release Profiles of Tricalcium Phosphate Nanoparticles from Poly(L-lactic acid) Electrospun Scaffolds with Single Component, Core\u2013Sheath, or Porous Fiber Morphologies: Effects on hASC Viability and Osteogenic Differentiation","volume":"12","author":"Asli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2720","article-title":"Molecular mechanics of mineralized collagen fibrils in bone","volume":"4","author":"Nair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(91)90194-F","article-title":"Bioactive glass ceramics: Properties and applications","volume":"12","author":"Kokubo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.820240607","article-title":"Solutions able to reproduce in vivo surface-structure changes in bioactive glass-ceramic A-W3","volume":"24","author":"Kokubo","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.02.034","article-title":"Cell culture medium as an alternative to conventional simulated body fluid","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10426","article-title":"Formation and growth of clusters in conventional and new kinds of simulated body fluids","volume":"64","author":"Oyane","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Research. Part A"},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"115","article-title":"Newly Improved Simulated Body Fluid","volume":"254\u2013256","author":"Takadama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2019.04.004","article-title":"Biomimetic characterization reveals enhancement of hydroxyapatite formation by fluid flow in gellan gum and bioactive glass composite scaffolds","volume":"76","author":"Zvicer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.31709","article-title":"Apatite-mineralized polycaprolactone nanofibrous web as a bone tissue regeneration substrate","volume":"88A","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1999.14.6.893","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast subclones with distinct in vitro and in vivo differentiation\/mineralization potential","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2019.105434","article-title":"Bone tissue engineering electrospun scaffolds based on layered double hydroxides with the ability to release vitamin D3: Fabrication, characterization and in vitro study","volume":"185","author":"Belgheisi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1163\/092050610X514241","article-title":"Rapid Mineralization of Electrospun Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"22","author":"Andric","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5087","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S114224","article-title":"Electrospinning of calcium phosphate-poly (d,l-lactic acid) nanofibers for sustained release of water-soluble drug and fast mineralization","volume":"11","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2018.12.051","article-title":"Mineralized nanofiber segments coupled with calcium-binding BMP-2 peptides for alveolar bone regeneration","volume":"85","author":"Boda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.9b00451","article-title":"\u201cTree to Bone\u201d: Lignin\/Polycaprolactone Nanofibers for Hydroxyapatite Biomineralization","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36574","article-title":"Surface mineralized hybrid nanofibrous scaffolds based on poly(l-lactide) and alginate enhances osteogenic differentiation of stem cells","volume":"107","author":"Ataie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nie, D., Luo, Y., Li, G., Jin, J., Yang, S., Li, S., Zhang, Y., Dai, J., Liu, R., and Zhang, W. (2021). The Construction of Multi-Incorporated Polylactic Composite Nanofibrous Scaffold for the Potential Applications in Bone Tissue Regeneration. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11092402"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-014-5149-9","article-title":"Bioactive nanocomposite PLDL\/nano-hydroxyapatite electrospun membranes for bone tissue engineering","volume":"25","author":"Rajzer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-011-0050-3","article-title":"Fabrication of poly(caprolactone) nanofibers containing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and their mineralization in a simulated body fluid","volume":"12","author":"Kanjwal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2015.05.047","article-title":"Mineralization on polylactide\/gelatin composite nanofibers using simulated body fluid containing amino acid","volume":"349","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s13233-017-5091-z","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite nucleation and growth on collagen electrospun fibers controlled with different mineralization conditions and phosvitin","volume":"25","author":"Jie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Macromol. Res."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.15447","article-title":"Bioactivities of hen\u2019s egg yolk phosvitin and its functional phosphopeptides in food industry and health","volume":"85","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B123","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201180023","article-title":"Mineralization of Collagen-Coated Electrospun Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) Nanofibrous Mesh to Enhance Growth and Differentiation of Osteoblasts and Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"14","author":"Lao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.3233\/BME-130871","article-title":"Biomimetic growth of bone-like apatite via simulated body fluid on hydroxyethyl cellulose\/polyvinyl alcohol electrospun nanofibers","volume":"24","author":"Chahal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bio-Med. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"477","article-title":"Greater osteoblast proliferation on anodized nanotubular titanium upon electrical stimulation","volume":"3","author":"Ercan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1041290303","article-title":"Osteoclasts and osteoblasts migrate in opposite directions in response to a constant electrical field","volume":"129","author":"Ferrier","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2019.112021","article-title":"Electro-conductive carbon nanofibers as the promising interfacial biomaterials for bone tissue engineering","volume":"298","author":"Samadian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14853","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71455-3","article-title":"Osteoconductive and electroactive carbon nanofibers\/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite tailored for bone tissue engineering: In vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"10","author":"Samadian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/10\/2123\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:17:04Z","timestamp":1760138224000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/10\/2123"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]},"references-count":156,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["polym14102123"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym14102123","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,23]]}}}