{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T02:42:43Z","timestamp":1791600163877,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,5]],"date-time":"2022-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The global spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria has become a significant hazard to public health, and more effective antibacterial agents are required. Therefore, this study describes the preparation, characterization, and evaluation of gold nanoparticles modified with chitosan (Chi\/AuNPs) as a reducing and stabilizing agent with efficient antimicrobial effects. In recent years, the development of an efficient and ecofriendly method for synthesizing metal nanoparticles has attracted a lot of interest in the field of nanotechnology. Colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were prepared by the chemical reduction of gold ions in the presence of chitosan (Chi), giving Chi\/AuNPs. The characterization of Chi\/AuNPs was carried out by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Chi\/AuNPs appeared spherical and monodispersed, with a diameter ranging between 20 to 120 nm. The synergistic effects of AuNPs and Chi led to the disruption of bacterial membranes. The maximum inhibitory impact was seen against P. aeruginosa at 500 \u00b5g\/mL, with a zone of inhibition diameter of 26 \u00b1 1.8 mm, whereas the least inhibitory effect was reported for S. aureus, with a zone of inhibition diameter of 16 \u00b1 2.1 mm at the highest dose tested. Moreover, Chi\/AuNPs exhibited antifungal activity toward Candida albicans when the MIC was 62.5 \u00b5g\/mL. Cell viability and proliferation of the developed nanocomposite were evaluated using a sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay with a half inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 111.1 \u00b5g\/mL. Moreover, the in vitro wound-healing model revealed that the Chi\/AuNP dressing provides a relatively rapid and efficacious wound-healing ability, making the obtained nanocomposite a promising candidate for the development of improved bandage materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14112293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,5]],"date-time":"2022-06-05T10:47:11Z","timestamp":1654426031000},"page":"2293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":142,"title":["Synthesis of Chitosan-Based Gold Nanoparticles: Antimicrobial and Wound-Healing Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0024-3606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amr H.","family":"Hashem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5510-1779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amr M.","family":"Shehabeldine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2653-1542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Turabah University College, Turabah Branch, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2898-6708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salem S.","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11884, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1126\/science.257.5073.1064","article-title":"The crisis in antibiotic resistance","volume":"257","author":"Neu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6439","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000006439","article-title":"New insight on antimicrobial therapy adjustment strategies for gram-negative bacterial infection: A cohort study","volume":"96","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munita, J.M., and Arias, C.A. (2016). Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance. Microbiol Spectr, 4.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.VMBF-0016-2015"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Jim, O. (2014). Tackling a Crisis for the Future Health and Wealth of Nations, Review on Antimicrobial Resistance."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puebla, L.E.J. (2012). Fungal infections in immunosuppressed patients. Immunodeficiency, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/51512"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1257457","article-title":"New facets of antifungal therapy","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bongomin, F., and Gago, S. (2017). Global and Multi-National Prevalence of Fungal Diseases-Estimate Precision. J. Fungi, 3.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof3040057"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.11.001","article-title":"Antifungal Drug Resistance: Mechanisms, Epidemiology, and Consequences for Treatment","volume":"125","author":"Pfaller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2016.02.006","article-title":"Biological synthesis of nanoparticles from plants and microorganisms","volume":"34","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-018-0569-5","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of nano selenium using plant biomolecules and their potential applications","volume":"9","author":"Alam","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioNanoScience"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-7300-7","article-title":"Biogenic selenium nanoparticles: Current status and future prospects","volume":"100","author":"Wadhwani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4691","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.5b11232","article-title":"Recent progress in cancer thermal therapy using gold nanoparticles","volume":"120","author":"Abadeer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2021.112172","article-title":"A new approach for antimicrobial and antiviral activities of biocompatible nanocomposite based on cellulose, amino acid and graphene oxide","volume":"209","author":"Hashem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salem, S.S., Ali, O.M., Reyad, A.M., Abd-Elsalam, K.A., and Hashem, A.H. (2022). Pseudomonas indica-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles: Antifungal and Antioxidant Biogenic Tool for Suppressing Mucormycosis Fungi. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8020126"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hashem, A.H., Abdelaziz, A.M., Askar, A.A., Fouda, H.M., Khalil, A.M.A., Abd-Elsalam, K.A., and Khaleil, M.M. (2021). Bacillus megaterium-Mediated Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles and Their Antifungal Activity against Rhizoctonia solani in Faba Bean Plants. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7030195"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2022.103927","article-title":"Ecofriendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Kei-apple (Dovyalis caffra) fruit and their efficacy against cancer cells and clinical pathogenic microorganisms","volume":"15","author":"Salem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48292-0","article-title":"Ultrasound delivery of Surface Enhanced InfraRed Absorption active gold-nanoprobes into fibroblast cells: A biological study via Synchrotron-based InfraRed microanalysis at single cell level","volume":"9","author":"Domenici","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2021.102083","article-title":"Protective role of zinc oxide nanoparticles based hydrogel against wilt disease of pepper plant","volume":"35","author":"Abdelaziz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-021-02041-4","article-title":"Multiple Applications of CdS\/TiO2 Nanocomposites Synthesized via Microwave-Assisted Sol\u2013Gel","volume":"33","author":"Abdelmoneim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saied, E., Eid, A.M., Hassan, S.E.D., Salem, S.S., Radwan, A.A., Halawa, M., Saleh, F.M., Saad, H.A., Saied, E.M., and Fouda, A. (2021). The catalytic activity of biosynthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles (Mgo-nps) for inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microbes, tanning effluent treatment, and chromium ion removal. Catalysts, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal11070821"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2020.07.006","article-title":"Assembling patchy plasmonic nanoparticles with aggregation-dependent antibacterial activity","volume":"580","author":"Brasili","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ashraf, S., Pelaz, B., del Pino, P., Carril, M., Escudero, A., Parak, W.J., Soliman, M.G., Zhang, Q., and Carrillo-Carrion, C. (2016). Gold-based nanomaterials for applications in nanomedicine. Light-Responsive Nanostructured Systems for Applications in Nanomedicine, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-22942-3_6"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3764","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NA00472C","article-title":"Role of gold nanoparticles in advanced biomedical applications","volume":"2","author":"Bansal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14469","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NR03190B","article-title":"Unveiling the interaction of protein fibrils with gold nanoparticles by plasmon enhanced nano-spectroscopy","volume":"13","author":"Capocefalo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1039\/b715532h","article-title":"The use of nanoparticles in anti-microbial materials and their characterization","volume":"133","author":"Weir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-021-00846-1","article-title":"Green phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using echinochloa stagnina extract with reference to their antibacterial, cytotoxic, and larvicidal activities","volume":"11","author":"Shehabeldine","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioNanoScience"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.040","article-title":"Ecofriendly novel synthesis of tertiary composite based on cellulose and myco-synthesized selenium nanoparticles: Characterization, antibiofilm and biocompatibility","volume":"175","author":"Hasanin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-021-00344-7","article-title":"Ecofriendly preparation of silver nanoparticles-based nanocomposite stabilized by polysaccharides with antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities","volume":"34","author":"Hasanin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biometals Int. J. Role Met. Ions Biol. Biochem. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.119031","article-title":"Characteristics of chitosan fiber and their effects towards improvement of antibacterial activity","volume":"280","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Meng, Q., Li, Q., Liu, J., Zhou, M., Jin, Z., and Zhao, K. (2020). Chitosan derivatives and their application in biomedicine. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020487"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115744","article-title":"Synthesis of chitosan aerogels as promising carriers for drug delivery: A review","volume":"231","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobab.2021.04.002","article-title":"New Ulva lactuca Algae Based Chitosan Bio-composites for Bioremediation of Cd(II) Ions","volume":"6","author":"Saad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Bioresour. Bioprod."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10836-7","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid coated chitosan nanoparticles reduced the immunogenicity of the formed protein corona","volume":"7","author":"Almalik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66572-y","article-title":"Controlling evolution of protein corona: A prosperous approach to improve chitosan-based nanoparticle biodistribution and half-life","volume":"10","author":"Tekie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marconi, G.D., Fonticoli, L., Rajan, T.S., Pierdomenico, S.D., Trubiani, O., Pizzicannella, J., and Diomede, F. (2021). Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT): The Type-2 EMT in Wound Healing, Tissue Regeneration and Organ Fibrosis. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071587"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37290","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo advancement of multifunctional electrospun nanofiber scaffolds in wound healing applications: Innovative nanofiber designs, stem cell approaches, and future perspectives","volume":"110","author":"Behere","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9182","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA26915J","article-title":"Green synthesis, physio-chemical characterization and anti-candidal function of a biocompatible chitosan gold nanocomposite as a promising antifungal therapeutic agent","volume":"7","author":"Dananjaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40543-018-0146-0","article-title":"Cytotoxicity evaluation of a Thai herb using tetrazolium (MTT) and sulforhodamine B (SRB) assays","volume":"9","author":"Vajrabhaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anal. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1984","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.1984","article-title":"Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay in cell culture to investigate cell proliferation","volume":"6","author":"Orellana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bio-Protocol"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2021.103246","article-title":"Formulation and characterization of a novel cutaneous wound healing ointment by silver nanoparticles containing Citrus lemon leaf: A chemobiological study","volume":"14","author":"Abbasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Alshalal, I.A.R. (2020). Development of In Vitro Models to Investigate the Role of Decidualisation, PDGF, and ho-1 on Stromal\u2013trophoblast Interaction. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Birmingham]."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.9734\/JABB\/2015\/13959","article-title":"Biodegradation and detoxification of bisphenol-A by filamentous fungi screened from nature","volume":"2","author":"Fouda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Adv. Biol. Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5721","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-019-00850-3","article-title":"Eco-green conversion of watermelon peels to single cell oils using a unique oleaginous fungus: Lichtheimia corymbifera AH13","volume":"11","author":"Hashem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valorization"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"764","article-title":"Recruitment of Cunninghamella echinulata as an Egyptian isolate to produce unsaturated fatty acids","volume":"9","author":"Suleiman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. J. Pharm. Biol. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"8","article-title":"Isolation and screening of promising oleaginous Rhizopus sp and designing of Taguchi method for increasing lipid production","volume":"5","author":"Suleiman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Innov. Pharm. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, Z.-H., He, H.-L., Wu, S.-B., Dong, C.-L., Lu, S.-Y., Shan, T.-J., Fang, L.-X., Liao, X.-P., Liu, Y.-H., and Sun, J. (2021). Rapid screening of essential oils as substances which enhance antibiotic activity using a modified well diffusion method. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10040463"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2021.114449","article-title":"Resazurin rapid screening for antibacterial activities of organic and inorganic nanoparticles: Potential, limitations and precautions","volume":"637","author":"Chakansin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayat, S., Ashraf, A., Zubair, M., Aslam, B., Siddique, M.H., Khurshid, M., Saqalein, M., Khan, A.M., Almatroudi, A., and Naeem, Z. (2022). Biofabrication of ZnO nanoparticles using Acacia arabica leaf extract and their antibiofilm and antioxidant potential against foodborne pathogens. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259190"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (2002). Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts, National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13414","article-title":"Fungal endophytes from leaves of Avicennia marina growing in semi-arid environment as a promising source for bioactive compounds","volume":"72","author":"Khalil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.12.4.40","article-title":"Morphological changes of conidiogenesis in two aspergillus species","volume":"12","author":"Khalil","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2019.101314","article-title":"Occurrence of toxigenic Penicillium polonicum in retail green table olives from the Saudi Arabia market","volume":"21","author":"Khalil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shehabeldine, A., El-Hamshary, H., Hasanin, M., El-Faham, A., and Al-Sahly, M. (2021). Enhancing the Antifungal Activity of Griseofulvin by Incorporation a Green Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposite. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13040542"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"100453","article-title":"Synthesis of cellulose based amino acid functionalized nano-biocomplex: Characterization, antifungal activity, molecular docking and hemocompatibility","volume":"15","author":"Dacrory","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1","article-title":"EUCAST DEFINITIVE DOCUMENT E. DEF 9.1: Method for the determination of broth dilution minimum inhibitory concentrations of antifungal agents for conidia forming moulds","volume":"9","author":"Arendrup","year":"2008","journal-title":"Def"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02138-3","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Prospective Biotechnological Applications: An Overview","volume":"199","author":"Salem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.177","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of nano-chitosan capped gold nanoparticles with multifunctional bioactive properties","volume":"165","author":"Saravanakumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.09.032","article-title":"One pot synthesis of gold nanoparticles using chitosan with varying degree of deacetylation and molecular weight","volume":"178","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.02.007","article-title":"An in vitro comparison of the antioxidant activities of chitosan and green synthesized gold nanoparticles","volume":"211","author":"Pu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1039\/C3NJ00603D","article-title":"Formation of gold nanoparticles upon chitosan leading to formation and collapse of gels","volume":"38","author":"Ramasamy","year":"2014","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souza, T.G., Ciminelli, V.S., and Mohallem, N.D.S. (2016). A comparison of TEM and DLS methods to characterize size distribution of ceramic nanoparticles. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, IOP Publishing.","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/733\/1\/012039"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2012.12.009","article-title":"Chitosan-based biomaterials for tissue engineering","volume":"49","author":"Croisier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naskar, A., and Kim, K.-S. (2020). Recent advances in nanomaterial-based wound-healing therapeutics. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12060499"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"3351","article-title":"Toxicity evaluation of biodegradable chitosan nanoparticles using a zebrafish embryo model","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohandoss, S., Pandimurugan, R., Lee, Y.R., Palanisamy, S., and Senthilkumar, M. (2022). In situ synthesis and characterization of colloidal AuNPs capped nano-chitosan containing poly (2, 5-dimethoxyaniline) nanocomposites for biomedical applications. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed., 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2022.2040407"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5789","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S108208","article-title":"Biosynthesis, characterization, and evaluation of bioactivities of leaf extract-mediated biocompatible silver nanoparticles from an early tracheophyte, Pteris tripartita Sw","volume":"11","author":"Baskaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10254","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10254","article-title":"Chitosan nanofiber biocomposites for potential wound healing applications: Antioxidant activity with synergic antibacterial effect","volume":"7","author":"Bagheri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111321","article-title":"Embelin-loaded chitosan gold nanoparticles interact synergistically with ciprofloxacin by inhibiting efflux pumps in multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli","volume":"199","author":"Khare","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5216","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.5216","article-title":"Preparation, characterization, and evaluation of cytotoxicity, antioxidant, cutaneous wound healing, antibacterial, and antifungal effects of gold nanoparticles using the aqueous extract of Falcaria vulgaris leaves","volume":"33","author":"Zangeneh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Organomet. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114658","article-title":"UPLC-ESI-MS\/MS profiling of the underground parts of common Iris species in relation to their anti-virulence activities against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"282","author":"Okba","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-021-03649-y","article-title":"Antimicrobial and antiviral activities of durable cotton fabrics treated with nanocomposite based on zinc oxide nanoparticles, acyclovir, nanochitosan, and clove oil","volume":"194","author":"Shehabeldine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904106","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201904106","article-title":"Antibiotic-free antibacterial strategies enabled by nanomaterials: Progress and perspectives","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.08.055","article-title":"Characterization and antimicrobial activity of gold and silver nanoparticles synthesized using saponin isolated from Trianthema decandra L.","volume":"51","author":"Geethalakshmi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.materresbull.2012.09.069","article-title":"Antifungal activity of gold nanoparticles prepared by solvothermal method","volume":"48","author":"Ahmad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2014.07.011","article-title":"New heteronuclear gold (I)\u2013platinum (II) complexes with cytotoxic properties: Are two metals better than one?","volume":"141","author":"Wenzel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5950","DOI":"10.1039\/C4DT00022F","article-title":"Gold complexes as antimicrobial agents: An overview of different biological activities in relation to the oxidation state of the gold ion and the ligand structure","volume":"43","author":"Djuran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5375","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S36516","article-title":"Gold and silver nanoparticles from Trianthema decandra: Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial properties","volume":"7","author":"Geethalakshmi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.06.005","article-title":"Size and shape dependant antifungal activity of gold nanoparticles: A case study of Candida","volume":"101","author":"Wani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-021-03181-w","article-title":"Insecticidal and fungicidal performance of bio-fabricated silver and gold nanoparticles","volume":"19","author":"Mondal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117498","article-title":"Boosting the antibacterial activity of chitosan\u2013gold nanoparticles against antibiotic\u2013resistant bacteria by Punicagranatum L. extract","volume":"256","author":"Hussein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuster, M., Montalb\u00e1n, M., Carissimi, G., Lima, B., Feresin, G.E., Cano, M., Giner-Casares, J., L\u00f3pez-Cascales, J., Enriz, R.D., and V\u00edllora, G. (2020). Antibacterial effect of chitosan\u2013gold nanoparticles and computational modeling of the interaction between chitosan and a lipid bilayer model. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10122340"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1021\/am508094e","article-title":"Development of noncytotoxic chitosan\u2013gold nanocomposites as efficient antibacterial materials","volume":"7","author":"Sebastian","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.126","article-title":"Succinyl chitosan gold nanocomposite: Preparation, characterization, in vitro and in vivo anticandidal activity","volume":"165","author":"Dananjaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"632698","article-title":"Antifungal activity of chitosan nanoparticles and correlation with their physical properties","volume":"2012","author":"Yien","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomater."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/11\/2293\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:24:43Z","timestamp":1760138683000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/11\/2293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,5]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["polym14112293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym14112293","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,5]]}}}