{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T19:57:14Z","timestamp":1776369434936,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Science Centre\u2019s (NCN) financial support","award":["2019\/03\/X\/ST5\/00042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/03\/X\/ST5\/00042"]}]},{"name":"the National Science Centre\u2019s (NCN) financial support","award":["07\/020\/RGH20\/0062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["07\/020\/RGH20\/0062"]}]},{"name":"the Rector\u2019s Habilitation Grant and the Silesian University of Technology","award":["2019\/03\/X\/ST5\/00042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/03\/X\/ST5\/00042"]}]},{"name":"the Rector\u2019s Habilitation Grant and the Silesian University of Technology","award":["07\/020\/RGH20\/0062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["07\/020\/RGH20\/0062"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main aim of this research was the preparation of a polymer\u2013ceramic composite with PA-12 as the polymer matrix and modified aluminosilicate cenospheres (CSs) as the ceramic filler. The CSs were subjected to an early purification and cleaning process, which was also taken as a second objective. The CSs were surface modified by a two-step process: (1) etching in Piranha solution and (2) silanization in 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The composite was made for 3D printing by FDM. Raw and modified CSs and a composite with PA-12 were subjected to the following tests: surface development including pores (BET), real density (HP), chemical composition and morphology (SEM\/EDS, FTIR), grain analysis (PSD), phase composition (XRD), hardness (HV), and static tensile tests. The composites were subjected to soaking under simulated body fluid (SBF) conditions in artificial saliva for 14, 21, and 29 days. Compared to pure PA-12, PA-12_CS had generally better mechanical properties and was more resistant to SBF at elevated temperatures and soaking times. These results showed this material has potential for use in biomedical applications. These results also showed the necessity of developing a kinetic aging model for aging in different liquids to verify the true value of this material.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14122332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,12]],"date-time":"2022-06-12T23:55:24Z","timestamp":1655078124000},"page":"2332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cenospheres-Reinforced PA-12 Composite: Preparation, Physicochemical Properties, and Soaking Tests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6882-2930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian S.","family":"Nakonieczny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Manufacturing Technologies of Ceramic Components and Composites, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5755-490X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Antonowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3234-1470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Heim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Manufacturing Technologies of Ceramic Components and Composites, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6116-9510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej S.","family":"Swinarew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorz\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2606-0525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Nuckowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Research Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18 A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4015-5600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Matus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Research Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18 A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1679-6221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Lemanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Process Design, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"A comperhensive review of biodegradable synthetic polymer-ceramic composites and their manufacture for biomedical applications","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioact. 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