{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T12:26:17Z","timestamp":1788179177444,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"government assignment for FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To deliver therapeutic proteins into a living body, it is important to maintain their target activity in the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. Secreted ribonuclease from Bacillus pumilus (binase) has antitumor and antiviral activity, which makes it a promising therapeutic agent. This globular protein of small molecular weight (12.2 kDa) is considered as a potential agent that induces apoptosis of tumor cells expressing certain oncogenes, including colorectal and duodenum cancer. The most important problem of its usage is the preservation of its structure and target activity, which could be lost during oral administration. Here, we developed alginate microspheres reinforced with divalent cations and analyzed the enzyme release from them. Using methods of scanning electron microscopy, measurements of fluorescence, enzyme catalytic activity, and determination of viability of the duodenum adenocarcinoma tumor cell line, we characterized obtained microspheres and chose calcium as a biogenic ion-strengthening microsphere structure. Among such modified additivities as beta-casein, gelatin, and carbon nanotubes introduced into microspheres, only gelatin showed a pronounced increase in their stability and provided data on the prolonged action of enzyme release from microspheres into tumor cell culture medium during 48 h in an amount of about 70% of the loaded quantity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14122461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T05:25:11Z","timestamp":1655443511000},"page":"2461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Alginate-Based Hydrogel as Delivery System for Therapeutic Bacterial RNase"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Liliya R.","family":"Bogdanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan 420111, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1971-1745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel V.","family":"Zelenikhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5165-3122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasiya O.","family":"Makarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan 420111, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8733-0595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga S.","family":"Zueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Kazan State Power Engineering University, Kazan 420066, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2367-672X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vadim V.","family":"Salnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan 420111, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6715-2530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuriy F.","family":"Zuev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan 420111, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6936-2032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga N.","family":"Ilinskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2254-609X.100013","article-title":"History and Applications of Hydrogels","volume":"4","author":"Yahia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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