{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T06:58:44Z","timestamp":1784271524274,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fibre-reinforced polymeric composite materials are becoming substantial and convenient materials in the repair and replacement of traditional metallic materials due to their high stiffness. The composites undergo different types of fatigue loads during their service life. The drive to enhance the design methodologies and predictive models of fibre-reinforced polymeric composite materials subjected to fatigue stresses is reliant on more precise and reliable techniques for assessing their fatigue life. The influences of fibre volume fraction and stress level on the fatigue performance of glass fibre-reinforced polyester (GFRP) composite materials have been studied in the tension\u2013tension fatigue scenario. The fibre volume fractions for this investigation were set to: 20%, 35%, and 50%. The tensile testing of specimens was performed using a universal testing machine and the Young\u2019s modulus was validated with four different prediction models. In order to identify the modes of failure as well as the fatigue life of composites, polyester-based GFRP specimens were evaluated at five stress levels which were 75%, 65%, 50%, 40%, and 25% of the maximum tensile stress until either a fracture occurred or five million fatigue cycles was reached. The experimental results showed that glass fibre-reinforced polyester samples had a pure tension failure at high applied stress levels, while at low stress levels the failure mode was governed by stress levels. Finally, the experimental results of GFRP composite samples with different volume fractions were utilized for model validation and comparison, which showed that the proposed framework yields acceptable correlations of predicted fatigue lives in tension\u2013tension fatigue regimes with experimental ones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14132662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T22:43:28Z","timestamp":1656542608000},"page":"2662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Influence of Stress Level and Fibre Volume Fraction on Fatigue Performance of Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polyester Composites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mahmoud Yousry","family":"Zaghloul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Accounting, Faculty of Commerce, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21554, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moustafa Mahmoud Yousry","family":"Zaghloul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21554, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai Mahmoud Yousry","family":"Zaghloul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21554, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4794","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA13444D","article-title":"Nanofibers with diameter below one nanometer from electrospinning","volume":"8","author":"Jian","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2021.114698","article-title":"Developments in polyester composite materials\u2013An in-depth review on natural fibres and nano fillers","volume":"278","author":"Zaghloul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s11837-006-0234-2","article-title":"Natural-fiber-reinforced polymer composites in automotive applications","volume":"58","author":"Holbery","year":"2006","journal-title":"JOM"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998318790093","article-title":"Fatigue and Tensile Behaviors of Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Composites Embedded with Nanoparticles","volume":"53","author":"Zaghloul","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paerosci.2005.02.004","article-title":"Fibre reinforced composites in aircraft construction","volume":"41","author":"Soutis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Aerosp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.3390\/polym6061773","article-title":"Long-term flexural behaviors of GFRP reinforced concrete beams exposed to accelerated aging exposure conditions","volume":"6","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20141124-05","article-title":"Use of carbon-fiber-reinforced composite implants in orthopedic surgery","volume":"37","author":"Hak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2017.01.064","article-title":"Optimum design of fatigue-resistant composite laminates using hybrid algorithm","volume":"168","author":"Deveci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2005.08.003","article-title":"Structural application of GRC in telecommunication towers","volume":"21","author":"Ferreira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Lawrence, C.A. (2014). 10\u2014High performance fibre-reinforced composites for sustainable energy applications. High Performance Textiles and their Applications, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46770","DOI":"10.1002\/app.46770","article-title":"Mechanical properties of linear low-density polyethylene fire-retarded with melamine polyphosphate","volume":"135","author":"Zaghloul","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fiber-Reinforced Composites for Dental Applications","volume":"2018","author":"Scribante","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1177\/0731684417727143","article-title":"Influence of flame retardant magnesium hydroxide on the mechanical properties of high density polyethylene composites","volume":"36","author":"Zaghloul","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Reinf. Plast."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/s42114-018-0072-z","article-title":"Preparation, development, outcomes, and application versatility of carbon fiber-based polymer composites: A review","volume":"2","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0602589","article-title":"Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding of singlewalled carbon nanotube epoxy composites","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1177\/07316844211051733","article-title":"Wear Behaviour of Polymeric Materials Reinforced with Man-Made Fibres: A Comprehensive Review about Fibre Volume Fraction Influence on Wear Performance","volume":"41","author":"Zaghloul","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Reinf. Plast. Compos."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2018.10.012","article-title":"Microhardness behavior of fiber reinforced thermosetting composites embedded with cellulose nanocrystals","volume":"57","author":"Mohamed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alex. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1177\/8756087917722585","article-title":"Antibacterial food packaging sheets prepared by coating chitosan on corona-treated extruded poly (lactic acid)\/poly (butylene succinate) blends","volume":"34","author":"Hongsriphan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Plast. Film Sheet."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1080\/00405000.2017.1365580","article-title":"Kenaf fibre-reinforced polyester composites: Flexural characterization and statistical analysis","volume":"109","author":"Mlik","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Text. Inst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2013.03.056","article-title":"Using a non-covalent modification to prepare a high electromagnetic interference shielding performance graphene nanosheet\/waterborne polyurethane composite","volume":"60","author":"Hsiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2013.11.017","article-title":"Evaluating the effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the mechanical properties of chopped strand mat\/polyester composites","volume":"56","author":"Shokrieh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caba, S., and Koch, M. Analysis of the resin transfer molding (RTM) process for FRP and its process simulation fundamentals. Proceedings of the  AIP Conference Proceedings, 6\u201312 June 2014.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4918428"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2013.11.004","article-title":"Uncertainty in the manufacturing of fibrous thermosetting composites: A review","volume":"57","author":"Mesogitis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Miravete, A. (1999). Resin impregnation and prediction of fabric properties. 3-D Textile Reinforcements in Composite Materials, Woodhead Publishing Limited."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2009.02.012","article-title":"Fatigue behaviour and life assessment of composite laminates under multiaxial loadings","volume":"32","author":"Quaresimin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"State-of-the-art review on FRP sandwich systems for lightweight civil infrastructure","volume":"21","author":"Manalo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Compos. Constr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1177\/002199837500900407","article-title":"Progressive nature of fatigue damage of glass fiber reinforced plastics","volume":"9","author":"Tanimoto","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2014.01.003","article-title":"Properties evolution of flax\/epoxy composites under fatigue loading","volume":"63","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2009.02.028","article-title":"High-cycle fatigue characteristics of quasi-isotropic CFRP laminates over 108 cycles (Initiation and propagation of delamination considering interaction with transverse cracks)","volume":"32","author":"Hosoi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koch, I., Just, G., Brod, M., Chen, J., Doblies, A., Dean, A., Gude, M., Rolfes, R., Hopmann, C., and Fiedler, B. (2019). Evaluation and Modeling of the Fatigue Damage Behavior of Polymer Composites at Reversed Cyclic Loading. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12111727"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6085","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-022-06994-3","article-title":"Evaluation of synthesized polyaniline nanofibres as corrosion protection film coating on copper substrate by electrophoretic deposition","volume":"57","author":"Fuseini","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1520\/CTR10199J","article-title":"Tensile and compressive failure modes of laminated composites loaded by fatigue with different mean stress","volume":"12","author":"Rotem","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Compos. Tech. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Zaghloul, M.M.Y. (2018). Effect of Nano Particles on the Mechanical Properties of Thermosetting Polymeric Materials Reinforced with Glass Fibers. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2006.11.002","article-title":"Effects of the presence of compression in transverse cyclic loading on fibre\u2013matrix debonding in unidirectional composite plies","volume":"38","author":"Correa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2007.01.016","article-title":"Nonlinear constant fatigue life diagrams for carbon\/epoxy laminates at room temperature","volume":"38","author":"Kawai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, B. (2003). Fatigue of joints in composite structures. Fatigue in Composites, Woodhead Publishing Ltd.. Chapter 23.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781855738577"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1381395","article-title":"Fatigue damage modelling of fibre-reinforced composite materials: Review","volume":"54","author":"Degriek","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Reifsnider, K.L. (1990). Fatigue behaviour of composite laminates. Fatigue of Composite Materials, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.. Chapter 4."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9445(1999)125:12(1423)","article-title":"Stochastic fatigue damage accumulation of FRP laminates and joints","volume":"125","author":"Sarkani","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Struct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, B. (2003). A Historical review of the fatigue behaviour of fibre-reinforced plastics. Fatigue in Composites, Woodhead Publishing Ltd.. Chapter 1.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439823255.pt1"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2008.04.044","article-title":"Energy methods for fatigue damage modelling of laminates","volume":"68","author":"McCartney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, B. (2003). Physical modelling of damage development in structural composite materials under stress. Fatigue in Composites, Woodhead Publishing Ltd.. Chapter 13.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781855738577"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sutherland, H.J. (1999). Fatigue Analysis of Wind Turbines report. no. SAND99-0989, Sandia National Laboratories.","DOI":"10.2172\/9460"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2018.09.022","article-title":"Static and fatigue load performance of a pultruded GFRP deck panel reinforced with steel wires","volume":"207","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2020.106113","article-title":"In-situ Technique for Fatigue Life Prediction of Metals Based on Temperature Evolution","volume":"192","author":"Mehdizadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2018.05.023","article-title":"Fatigue life prediction of nickel-based GH4169 alloy on the basis of a multi-scale crack propagation approach","volume":"199","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2016.01.038","article-title":"Microstructure based fatigue life prediction framework for polycrystalline nickel-base superalloys with emphasis on the role played by twin boundaries in crack initiation","volume":"107","author":"Yeratapally","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2010.09.036","article-title":"A physically based fatigue model for prediction of crack initiation from persistent slip bands in polycrystals","volume":"59","author":"Sangid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2019.105339","article-title":"Multiscale model prediction of ferritic steel fatigue strength based on microstructural information, tensile properties, and loading conditions (no adjustable material constants)","volume":"170","author":"Ito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmps.2018.11.023","article-title":"A mechanistic modelling methodology for microstructuresensitive fatigue crack growth","volume":"124","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2017.08.033","article-title":"The IBESS model\u2013Elements, realisation and validation","volume":"198","author":"Madia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2017.10.069","article-title":"Model for predicting fatigue life and limit of steels based on micromechanics of small crack growth","volume":"139","author":"Shibanuma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2017.04.030","article-title":"Microstructure modeling and crystal plasticity simulations for the evaluation of fatigue crack initiation in \u03b1-iron specimen including an elliptic defect","volume":"695","author":"Briffod","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2019.05.017","article-title":"A rate independent inelasticity model with smooth transition for unifying low-cycle to high-cycle fatigue life prediction","volume":"159","author":"Mozafari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2013.12.032","article-title":"Bending fatigue behavior of twill fabric E-glass\/epoxy composite","volume":"111","author":"Koricho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2016.08.012","article-title":"A modified energy-based approach for fatigue life prediction of superelastic NiTi in presence of tensile mean strain and stress","volume":"117","author":"Mahtabi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2016.05.094","article-title":"Effect of notch on quasi-static and fatigue flexural performance of Twill E-Glass\/Epoxy composite","volume":"153","author":"Beyene","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2019.04.012","article-title":"Fatigue analysis of shape memory alloys by self-heating method","volume":"156","author":"Mostofizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2019.05.037","article-title":"Application of neutron imaging to detect and quantify fatigue cracking","volume":"159","author":"Reid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2011.08.032","article-title":"Fatigue of selected GRP composite components and joints with damage evaluation","volume":"94","author":"Mayer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Advani, S., and Hsiao, K.-T. (2012). Resin transfer molding (RTM) in polymer matrix composites. Manufacturing Techniques for Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs), Woodhead Publishing Limited.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857096258"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"ASTM International (2000). Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials (ASTM D3039\/D3039M-00), ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"ASTM D3479\/D3479M-19 (2019). Standard Test Method for Tension-Tension Fatigue of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials. Available online: www.astm.org."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2017.09.009","article-title":"Experimental and modeling analysis of mechanical-electrical behaviors of polypropylene composites filled with graphite and MWCNT fillers","volume":"63","author":"Zaghloul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1177\/0731684418754713","article-title":"Fatigue damage analysis of fiber-reinforced polymer composites\u2014A review","volume":"37","author":"Ansari","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Reinf. Plast. Compos."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Hertzberg, R.W., and Manson, J.A. (1980). Fatigue of Engineering Plastics, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2533","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633-019-00347-7","article-title":"Effect of Silicon Coupling Grafted Ferric Oxide and E-Glass Fibre in Thermal Stability, Wear and Tensile Fatigue Behaviour of Epoxy Hybrid Composite","volume":"12","author":"Prakash","year":"2020","journal-title":"Silicon"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuseini, M., and Zaghloul, M.M.Y. (2022). Statistical and qualitative analysis of the kinetic models using electrophoretic deposition of polyaniline. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2022.06.023"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2015.11.003","article-title":"Fatigue behaviour assessment of flax\u2013epoxy composites","volume":"82","author":"Bensadoun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/13\/2662\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:40:45Z","timestamp":1760139645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/13\/2662"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["polym14132662"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym14132662","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]}}}