{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T14:23:51Z","timestamp":1789395831487,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51408484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51408484"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52108246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52108246"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020M673608XB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M673608XB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51408484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51408484"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52108246"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52108246"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020M673608XB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M673608XB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The usage of carbon fiber\u2013reinforced polymer (CFRP) to strengthen cracked steel structures can effectively improve its bear capacity, so it has been extensively used in recent years. The degradation of interfacial bonding is one of the most important factors affecting the durability of CFRP\u2013steel structures under a freeze\u2013thaw(F\u2013T)\/wet\u2013dry (W\u2013D) environment. In this study, epoxy resin adhesive (ERA) dog-bone specimens and CFRP\u2013steel double-lap joints (bonded joints) were prepared. F\u2013T\/W\u2013D cycles experiment and tensile tests of the ERA specimens and the bonded joints were also performed. Under F\u2013T\/W\u2013D cycles, the main properties of the ERA specimens and the bonded joints were examined. Results indicated that fracture failure occurred in all ERA specimens. The hybrid failure modes of fiber peeling on the surface of CFRP plate and the bonded interface peeling between the CFRP plate and ERA layer primarily occurred in the bonded joints. The failure of both of them can be considered to be brittle, which was unaffected by the F\u2013T\/W\u2013D cycles. With increased F\u2013T\/W\u2013D cycles, the ultimate load and tensile strength of the ERA specimens initially increased and then decreased, whereas the elastic modulus initially increased and then remained unchanged. The ultimate load of the bonded joints decreased gradually. Based on the relationship between the interfacial bond-slip parameters and the number of F\u2013T\/W\u2013D cycles, the bond\u2013slip model of the bonded joints was established. The proposed relationship was validated by comparing with the experimental bond-slip relationships and the predicted relationships under the F\u2013T\/W\u2013D cycles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14173445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]],"date-time":"2022-08-24T23:48:58Z","timestamp":1661384938000},"page":"3445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Durability of CFRP\u2013Steel Double\u2013Lap Joints under Cyclic Freeze\u2013Thaw\/Wet\u2013Dry Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiang","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingzhi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yamin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qunfeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaojie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"State-of-the-Art Review of Fatigue of Steel Bridge in 2019","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Civ. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Edition of China of Highway and Transport. Review on China\u2019s Bridge Engineering Research: 2021","volume":"34","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"China J. Highw. Transp."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"20","article-title":"Progress in Research on Steel Structures Strengthened with CFRP","volume":"35","author":"Zheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ind. Constr."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Cheng, L., Feng, P., Xu, S.H., and Meng, X.M. (2013). The Technology and Research of Steel Structure Strengthened with CFRP. FRP\/CM, 58\u201363. Available online: http:\/\/en.cnki.com.cn\/Article_en\/CJFDTOTAL-BLGF2013Z1014.htm."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Dong, S.E., Ma, M.L., and Wang, Y.H. (2019). The Analysis of Parametric and Reinforcement Coefficient about H-Section Steel Beams Reinforced by Prestressed CFRP Plates. FRP\/CM, 17\u201325. Available online: http:\/\/en.cnki.com.cn\/Article_en\/CJFDTotal-BLGF201904003.htm."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Zwingmann, B., and Schlaich, M. (2015). Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer for Cable Structures\u2014A Review. Polymers, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym7101501"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"156","article-title":"Bond Behavior of Near-Surface-Mounted CFRP to Concrete Structure","volume":"32","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"China J. Highw. Transp."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2013.12.024","article-title":"Influence of Freeze-thaw Cycling on the Bond Strength of Steel\u2013FRP Lap Joints","volume":"60","author":"Agarwal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"36","article-title":"Bond Behaviour of CFRP and Steel under Dry\u2013Wet Cyclic Condition and Loading","volume":"42","author":"Ren","year":"2009","journal-title":"China Civ. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2018.11.020","article-title":"Experimental Study of Notched Steel Beams Strengthened with a CFRP Plate Subjected to Overloading Fatigue and Wetting\/Drying Cycles","volume":"209","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"799","article-title":"Bond Durability of Fatigued CFRP\u2013Steel Double-lap Joints Pre\u2013exposed to Marine Environment","volume":"131","author":"Borrie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2021.114202","article-title":"Deterioration of the Bond Behavior between CFRP and Corroded Steel in Wet\u2013Dry Cycling Environment","volume":"272","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"247","article-title":"Experimental study on the interface bond properties of CFRP\u2013plate\u2013steel\u2013plate Joints in freeze\u2013thaw\/dry\u2013wet environments","volume":"35","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"China J. Highw. Transp."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"265","article-title":"Bond Behavior of CFRP-Concrete Interface in Chlorine Salt Solution with Wet\u2013Dry Cycles","volume":"43","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Struct."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijadhadh.2018.02.014","article-title":"Durability of FRP\u2013Concrete Bonded Joints in Structural Rehabilitation: A Review","volume":"83","author":"Correia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adhes. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-9465(97)00028-0","article-title":"Durability Characteristics of Concrete Beams Externally Bonded with FRP Composite Sheets","volume":"19","author":"Toutanji","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012392703519","article-title":"Behavior of Adhesively Bonded Concrete\u2013CFRP Joints at Low and High Temperatures","volume":"37","author":"Neubauer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mech. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2015.10.036","article-title":"Effects of Different Environmental Conditions on the Mechanical Characteristics of a Structural Epoxy","volume":"88","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2021.125822","article-title":"Experimental Study on the Bond Behavior of the CFRP Plate-ECC-Concrete Composite Interface under Freeze\u2013Thaw Cycles","volume":"316","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Const. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"144","article-title":"Effects of Freeze\u2013Thaw Cycling on Mechanical Behaviors of AFRP and Epoxy Adhesive","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. South China Univ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.05.032","article-title":"Environmental Effects on the Durability and the Mechanical Performance of Flax Fiber\/Bio\u2013Epoxy Composites","volume":"171","author":"Moudood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2013.11.026","article-title":"Tensile Behavior of FRP and Hybrid FRP Sheets in Freeze\u2013Thaw Cycling Environments","volume":"60","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.114","article-title":"Interfacial Bond\u2013Slip Degradation Relationship between CFRP Plate and Steel Plate under Freeze\u2013Thaw cycles","volume":"214","author":"Pang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1080\/01694243.2012.747730","article-title":"Effects of Salt Spray on the Mechanical Properties of Aluminum\u2013Epoxy Adhesive Joints","volume":"27","author":"Hua","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2012.01.004","article-title":"Durability of Steel\/CFRP Double Strap Joints Exposed to Sea Water, Cyclic Temperature and Humidity","volume":"94","author":"Nguyen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)1090-0268(2003)7:3(238)","article-title":"Durability Gap Analysis for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites in Civil Infrastructure","volume":"7","author":"Karbhari","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Compos. Constr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.24687","article-title":"Durability of CFRP Sheets and Epoxy Resin Exposed to Natural Hygrothermal or Cyclic Wet\u2013Dry Environment","volume":"40","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1002\/app.27287","article-title":"Hygrothermal Ageing of an Epoxy Adhesive Used in FRP Strengthening of Concrete","volume":"107","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.168","article-title":"Durability of an Epoxy Adhesive Used in Civil Structural Applications","volume":"161","author":"Sousa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2017.03.049","article-title":"Durability of Bonded FRP-to-Steel Joints: Effects of Moisture, De-icing Salt Solution, Temperature and FRP Type","volume":"119","author":"Heshmati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"27","article-title":"Tensile Bearing Capacity of Steel\u2013CFRP strap joints under Dry\u2013Wet Cycles","volume":"45","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ind. Constr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2010.02.023","article-title":"Environmental Durability of a CFRP System for Strengthening Steel Structures","volume":"24","author":"Dawood","year":"2010","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2022.114240","article-title":"Effect of corrosion on the tensile and fatigue performance of CFRP strand Sheet\/Steel double strap joints","volume":"260","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"803","article-title":"Experimental Study on Bond Behavior of CFRP Plate\u2013Steel Interface in Freeze\u2013Thaw Environment","volume":"50","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Southeast Univ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2019.01.016","article-title":"Bond Durability of CERP Laminates-to-Steel Joints Subjected to Freeze\u2013Thaw","volume":"212","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2017.06.011","article-title":"Durability of CFRP\/steel Joints under Cyclic Wet\u2013Dry and Freeze\u2013Thaw Conditions","volume":"126","author":"Heshmati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.026","article-title":"Cold Region Durability of a Two-Part Epoxy Adhesive in Double-Lap Shear Joints: Experiment and Model Development","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2019). Durability Assessment Standard of Existing Concrete Structures (Standard No. GB\/T 51355)."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2017). Steel Structure Design Standard (Standard No. GB 50017)."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2008). Test Methods for Properties of Resin Casting Boby (Standard No. GB\/T 2567)."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2010). Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics (Standard No. D638-10)."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2006.03.003","article-title":"Proposed design guidelines for strengthening of steel bridges with FRP materials","volume":"21","author":"Schnerch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1080\/00218464.2012.751526","article-title":"Effect of mechanical surface treatment on the static strength of adhesive lap joints","volume":"89","author":"Spaggiari","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Adhes."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"(2009). Standard for Test Method of Long-Term Performance and Durability of Ordinary Concrete (Standard No. GB\/T 50082)."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2017.10.019","article-title":"Fatigue improvements of cracked rectangular hollow section steel beams strengthened with CFRP plates","volume":"122","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thin Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2008.10.005","article-title":"Prediction of debonding strength of tensile steel\/CFRP joints using fracture mechanics and stress based criteria","volume":"76","author":"Bocciarelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Xia, S.H., and Teng, J.G. (2005, January 7\u20139). Behaviour of FRP-to-steel bonded joints. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Bond Behaviour of FRP in Structures, Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.009","article-title":"Failure analysis and structural behaviour of CFRP strengthened steel I-beams","volume":"30","author":"Narmashiri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"642","article-title":"Effect of high temperature on mechanical properties of epoxy adhesive for structural reinforcement","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2016.05.100","article-title":"Debonding of CFRP-to-steel joints with CFRP delamination","volume":"153","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2011.10.010","article-title":"Bond characteristics between ultra high modulus CFRP laminates and steel","volume":"51","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thin Wall Struct."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2012.01.024","article-title":"Experimental study on CFRP-to-steel bonded interfaces","volume":"43","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04013040","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000439","article-title":"Behavior of CFRP Laminates Bonded to a Steel Substrate Using a Ductile Adhesive","volume":"18","author":"Fernando","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Compos. Constr."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/17\/3445\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:14:21Z","timestamp":1760141661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/17\/3445"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["polym14173445"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym14173445","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,24]]}}}