{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:22:32Z","timestamp":1793121752572,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]],"date-time":"2022-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004705","name":"King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology Thonburi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004705","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004705","name":"King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology Thonburi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004705","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004705","name":"King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology Thonburi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRB640008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRB640008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004705","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand","award":["5\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5\/2015"]}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand","award":["8\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8\/2017"]}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Thailand","award":["FRB640008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRB640008"]}]},{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) Basic Research Fund","award":["5\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5\/2015"]}]},{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) Basic Research Fund","award":["8\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) Basic Research Fund","award":["FRB640008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRB640008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Implantation failure due to bacterial infection incurs significant medical expenditure annually, and treatment tends to be complicated. This study proposes a method to prevent bacterial infection in implants using an antibiotic delivery system consisting of vancomycin loaded into poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) matrices. A thin layer of this antibiotic-containing polymer was formed on stainless steel surfaces using a simple dip-coating method. SEM images of the polymeric layer revealed a honeycomb structure of the PLLA network with the entrapment of vancomycin molecules inside. In the in vitro release study, a rapid burst release was observed, followed by a sustained release of vancomycin for approximately 3 days. To extend the release time, a drug-free topcoat of PLLA was introduced to provide a diffusion resistance layer. As expected, the formulation with the drug-free topcoat exhibited a significant extension of the release time to approximately three weeks. Furthermore, the bonding strength between the double-layer polymer and the stainless steel substrate, which was an important property reflecting the quality of the coating, significantly increased compared to that of the single layer to the level that met the requirement for medical coating applications. The release profile of vancomycin from the double-layer PLLA film was best fitted with the Korsmeyer\u2013Peppas model, indicating a combination of Fickian diffusion-controlled release and a polymer relaxation mechanism. More importantly, the double-layer vancomycin-PLLA coating exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus, as confirmed by the agar diffusion assay, the bacterial survival assay, and the inhibition of bacterial surface colonization without being toxic to normal cells (L929). Our results showed that the proposed antibiotic delivery system using the double-layer PLLA coating is a promising solution to prevent bacterial infection that may occur after orthopedic implantation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14173493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T22:53:42Z","timestamp":1661813622000},"page":"3493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Controlled Release Mechanism of Vancomycin from Double-Layer Poly-L-Lactic Acid-Coated Implants for Prevention of Bacterial Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Papon","family":"Thamvasupong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Pracha-Utid Rd., Bangkok 10140, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8733-4526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwanchanok","family":"Viravaidya-Pasuwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Pracha-Utid Rd., Bangkok 10140, Thailand"},{"name":"Biological Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Pracha-Utid Rd., Bangkok 10140, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12597","article-title":"Early implant-associated osteomyelitis in a peri-implanted bacterial reservoir","volume":"125","author":"Jennsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra035415","article-title":"Treatment of infections associated with surgical implants","volume":"350","author":"Darouiche","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. 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