{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:03:54Z","timestamp":1787029434509,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"the Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["243032491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["243032491"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"the Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200230071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200230071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003756","name":"the Helsinki University Hospital Specific Catchment Area Research Funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["243032491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["243032491"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003756","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003756","name":"the Helsinki University Hospital Specific Catchment Area Research Funds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200230071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200230071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003756","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the P\u00e4ivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation Research Grant","award":["243032491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["243032491"]}]},{"name":"the P\u00e4ivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation Research Grant","award":["200230071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200230071"]}]},{"name":"Planmeca Ltd.","award":["243032491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["243032491"]}]},{"name":"Planmeca Ltd.","award":["200230071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200230071"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated two of the most commonly used CAD\u2013CAM materials for patient-specific reconstruction in craniomaxillofacial surgery. The aim of this study was to access the biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli on titanium and PEEK medical implant materials. Two titanium specimens (titanium grade 2 tooled with a Planmeca CAD\u2013CAM milling device and titanium grade 5 tooled with a computer-aided design direct metal laser sintering device (CAD-DMLS)) and one PEEK specimen tooled with a Planmeca CAD\u2013CAM milling device were studied. Bacterial adhesion on implants was evaluated in two groups (saliva-treated group and non-saliva-treated group) to imitate intraoral and extraoral surgical routes for implant placement. The PEEK medical implant material showed higher bacterial adhesion by S. aureus, S. mutans, and E. coli than titanium grade 2 and titanium grade 5, whereas E. faecalis showed higher adhesion to titanium as compared to PEEK. Saliva contamination of implants also effected bacterial attachment. Salivary coating enhanced biofilm formation by S. aureus, S. mutans, and E. faecalis. In conclusion, our findings imply that regardless of the implant material type or tooling techniques used, salivary coating plays a vital role in bacterial adhesion. In addition, the majority of the bacterial strains showed higher adhesion to PEEK than titanium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14183862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,16]],"date-time":"2022-09-16T01:35:10Z","timestamp":1663292110000},"page":"3862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Comparison of Titanium and PEEK Medical Plastic Implant Materials for Their Bacterial Biofilm Formation Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sonia","family":"Sarfraz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocenter Oulu & Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilvi-Helin\u00e4","family":"M\u00e4ntynen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4me Joint Authority for Health and Wellbeing, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Lahti Central Hospital, 15850 Lahti, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marisa","family":"Laurila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4me Joint Authority for Health and Wellbeing, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Lahti Central Hospital, 15850 Lahti, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4me Joint Authority for Health and Wellbeing, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Lahti Central Hospital, 15850 Lahti, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junnu","family":"Leikola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Centre, Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Kaakinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocenter Oulu & Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Oulu Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juho","family":"Suojanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P\u00e4ij\u00e4t-H\u00e4me Joint Authority for Health and Wellbeing, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Lahti Central Hospital, 15850 Lahti, Finland"},{"name":"Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Centre, Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justus","family":"Reunanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biocenter Oulu & Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s00113-021-01076-6","article-title":"Complex Reconstructions in the Facial and Cranial Regions","volume":"124","author":"Gellrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Unfallchirurg"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lovald, S., and Kurtz, S.M. 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