{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T04:51:01Z","timestamp":1788929461463,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004054","name":"King Abdulaziz University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KEP-35-247-1439"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KEP-35-247-1439"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Various therapies for osteoporosis successfully reduce bone loss and fractures, but they mostly do not contribute to new bone structures and adversely affect patients. Shilajit is a natural mineral substance comprised of multi-components, with proved efficacy to improve immunity, antioxidant activity, and disease resistance. In the present study, various effects of shilajit water extract (SWE) on bone development and its management were determined in experimental glucocorticoid-induced osteoporotic rats. The fabrication of nanochitosan (NCT) and NCT conjugation with SWE were conducted and evaluated as enhanced formulations for treating osteoporosis. NCT and SWE\/NCT had mean particle diameters of 196.4 and 248.4 nm, respectively, with high positivity charging and stability. The biochemical and anti-osteoporotic effects of SWE and SWE\/NCT conjugates were investigated on different groups of compromised rats. Five groups each including six adult albino female rats were formed and treated for a duration of eight weeks with SWE and SWE\/NCT conjugate. Significantly improved serum calcium, phosphorus, osteocalcin, and calcitonin levels but decreased hydrogen peroxide, IL-6, and antioxidant biomarkers were recorded in all SWE- and SWE\/NCT-treated groups; the SWE\/NCT treatment was most effectual treatment. These results suggest that SWE and SWE\/NCT may cause anti-osteoporotic activity by reducing oxidative stress, IL-6, and H2O2 while restoring antioxidant levels. The conjugation of SWE onto NCT is highly recommended for augmenting their activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14193972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]],"date-time":"2022-09-23T04:07:07Z","timestamp":1663906027000},"page":"3972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Correlation between Antioxidant and Anti-Osteoporotic Activities of Shilajit Loaded into Chitosan Nanoparticles and Their Effects on Osteoporosis in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6875-7411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fawzia A.","family":"Alshubaily","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21551, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0940-5728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebtihaj J.","family":"Jambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21551, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2650090113","article-title":"Effects of shilajit on biogenic free radicals","volume":"9","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phytother. 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