{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T18:28:38Z","timestamp":1790447318962,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BLUEBIOLAB project (POCTEP INTERREG Spain-Portugal)","award":["EAPA_151\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA_151\/2016"]}]},{"name":"BLUEBIOLAB project (POCTEP INTERREG Spain-Portugal)","award":["PID 2020-115415RB-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID 2020-115415RB-100"]}]},{"name":"BLUEBIOLAB project (POCTEP INTERREG Spain-Portugal)","award":["ED481A 2019\/314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED481A 2019\/314"]}]},{"name":"BLUEBIOLAB project (POCTEP INTERREG Spain-Portugal)","award":["IN606A-2017\/011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN606A-2017\/011"]}]},{"name":"the BLUEHUMAN project","award":["EAPA_151\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA_151\/2016"]}]},{"name":"the BLUEHUMAN project","award":["PID 2020-115415RB-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID 2020-115415RB-100"]}]},{"name":"the BLUEHUMAN project","award":["ED481A 2019\/314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED481A 2019\/314"]}]},{"name":"the BLUEHUMAN project","award":["IN606A-2017\/011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN606A-2017\/011"]}]},{"name":"the BIOHEAT project","award":["EAPA_151\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA_151\/2016"]}]},{"name":"the BIOHEAT project","award":["PID 2020-115415RB-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID 2020-115415RB-100"]}]},{"name":"the BIOHEAT project","award":["ED481A 2019\/314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED481A 2019\/314"]}]},{"name":"the BIOHEAT project","award":["IN606A-2017\/011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN606A-2017\/011"]}]},{"name":"the Xunta de Galicia ED431C 2021\/49 Programme","award":["EAPA_151\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA_151\/2016"]}]},{"name":"the Xunta de Galicia ED431C 2021\/49 Programme","award":["PID 2020-115415RB-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID 2020-115415RB-100"]}]},{"name":"the Xunta de Galicia ED431C 2021\/49 Programme","award":["ED481A 2019\/314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED481A 2019\/314"]}]},{"name":"the Xunta de Galicia ED431C 2021\/49 Programme","award":["IN606A-2017\/011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN606A-2017\/011"]}]},{"name":"Xunta de Galicia\u2019s pre-doctoral grants","award":["EAPA_151\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA_151\/2016"]}]},{"name":"Xunta de Galicia\u2019s pre-doctoral grants","award":["PID 2020-115415RB-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID 2020-115415RB-100"]}]},{"name":"Xunta de Galicia\u2019s pre-doctoral grants","award":["ED481A 2019\/314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED481A 2019\/314"]}]},{"name":"Xunta de Galicia\u2019s pre-doctoral grants","award":["IN606A-2017\/011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN606A-2017\/011"]}]},{"name":"National Funds from the FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia) through the UIDB\/50016\/2020 project","award":["EAPA_151\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA_151\/2016"]}]},{"name":"National Funds from the FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia) through the UIDB\/50016\/2020 project","award":["PID 2020-115415RB-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID 2020-115415RB-100"]}]},{"name":"National Funds from the FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia) through the UIDB\/50016\/2020 project","award":["ED481A 2019\/314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED481A 2019\/314"]}]},{"name":"National Funds from the FCT (Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia) through the UIDB\/50016\/2020 project","award":["IN606A-2017\/011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN606A-2017\/011"]}]},{"name":"University of Vigo\/CISUG","award":["EAPA_151\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAPA_151\/2016"]}]},{"name":"University of Vigo\/CISUG","award":["PID 2020-115415RB-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID 2020-115415RB-100"]}]},{"name":"University of Vigo\/CISUG","award":["ED481A 2019\/314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED481A 2019\/314"]}]},{"name":"University of Vigo\/CISUG","award":["IN606A-2017\/011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN606A-2017\/011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polylactic acid (PLA) has become one of the most commonly used polymers in medical devices given its biocompatible, biodegradable and bioabsorbable properties. In addition, due to PLA\u2019s thermoplastic behaviour, these medical devices are now obtained using 3D printing technologies. Once obtained, the 3D-printed PLA devices undergo different sterilisation procedures, which are essential to prevent infections. This work was an in-depth study of the physicochemical changes caused by novel and conventional sterilisation techniques on 3D-printed PLA and their impact on the biological response in terms of toxicity. The 3D-printed PLA physicochemical (XPS, FTIR, DSC, XRD) and mechanical properties as well as the hydrophilic degree were evaluated after sterilisation using saturated steam (SS), low temperature steam with formaldehyde (LTSF), gamma irradiation (GR), hydrogen peroxide gas plasma (HPGP) and CO2 under critical conditions (SCCO). The biological response was tested in vitro (fibroblasts NCTC-929) and in vivo (embryos and larvae wild-type zebrafish Danio rerio). The results indicated that after GR sterilisation, PLA preserved the O:C ratio and the semi-crystalline structure. Significant changes in the polymer surface were found after HPGP, LTSF and SS sterilisations, with a decrease in the O:C ratio. Moreover, the FTIR, DSC and XRD analysis revealed PLA crystallisation after SS sterilisation, with a 52.9% increase in the crystallinity index. This structural change was also reflected in the mechanical properties and wettability. An increase in crystallinity was also observed after SCCO and LTSF sterilisations, although to a lesser extent. Despite these changes, the biological evaluation revealed that none of the techniques were shown to promote the release of toxic compounds or PLA modifications with toxicity effects. GR sterilisation was concluded as the least reactive technique with good perspectives in the biological response, not only at the level of toxicity but at all levels, since the 3D-printed PLA remained almost unaltered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14194117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T01:21:07Z","timestamp":1665364867000},"page":"4117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["3D-Printed PLA Medical Devices: Physicochemical Changes and Biological Response after Sterilisation Treatments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7694-3847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"P\u00e9rez-Davila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTECX, Universidade de Vigo, Grupo de Novos Materiais, 36310 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTECX, Universidade de Vigo, Grupo de Novos Materiais, 36310 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4976-926X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Lama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0118-7412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miriam","family":"L\u00f3pez-\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTECX, Universidade de Vigo, Grupo de Novos Materiais, 36310 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Leite","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, CBQF\u2014Centro de Biotecnologia e Qu\u00edmica Fina, Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo de Botelho, 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6187-4025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTECX, Universidade de Vigo, Grupo de Novos Materiais, 36310 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4888-8419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Novoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0617-0030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Figueras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7353-712X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00edo","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CINTECX, Universidade de Vigo, Grupo de Novos Materiais, 36310 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuiffo, M.A., Snyder, J., Elliott, A.M., Romero, N., Kannan, S., and Halada, G.P. 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