{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T21:38:43Z","timestamp":1789767523097,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]],"date-time":"2022-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Additive Manufacturing in the UK","award":["EP\/L01534X\/"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/L01534X\/"]}]},{"name":"Alp Engineering Services","award":["EP\/L01534X\/"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/L01534X\/"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The material properties and processing of investment casting patterns manufactured using conventional wax injection Molding and those manufactured by vat photopolymerization can be substantially different in terms of thermal expansion and mechanical properties, which can generate problems with dimensional accuracy and stability before and during ceramic shelling and shell failures during the burn-out of the 3D printed casting patterns. In this paper and for the first time, the monofunctional Acryloyl morpholine monomer was used for 3D printing of casting patterns, due to its thermoplastic-like behavior, e.g., softening by heat. However, the hydrophilic behavior of this polymer led to an incorporation of up to 60 wt% of Hexanediol diacrylate, to control the water absorption of the network, which to some extent, compromised the softening feature of Acryloyl morpholine. Addition of a powdered wax filler resulted in a delayed thermal decomposition of the polymer network, however, it helped to reduce the thermal expansion of the parts. The dimensional accuracy and stability of the wax-filled formulation indicated an excellent dimensional tolerance of less than \u00b1130 \u00b5m. Finally, the 3D printed patterns successfully went through a burn out process with no damages to the ceramic shell.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14214593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T09:01:42Z","timestamp":1667120502000},"page":"4593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Large Scale Vat-Photopolymerization of Investment Casting Master Patterns: The Total Solution"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Farzaneh","family":"Sameni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK"},{"name":"Additive Manufacturing Centre of Excellence Ltd., 33 Shaftesbury Street South, Derby DE23 8YH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basar","family":"Ozkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK"},{"name":"Additive Manufacturing Centre of Excellence Ltd., 33 Shaftesbury Street South, Derby DE23 8YH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Karmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polyfos Ltd., London SW11 6NF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4391-5991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Engstr\u00f8m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Sabet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK"},{"name":"Additive Manufacturing Centre of Excellence Ltd., 33 Shaftesbury Street South, Derby DE23 8YH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1017\/dsd.2020.179","article-title":"An analytical cost model for invesrment casting","volume":"1","author":"Mandolini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. 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