{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:34:02Z","timestamp":1792175642348,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Traction Power","award":["2022TPL-T13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TPL-T13"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Traction Power","award":["2682021CX092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2682021CX092"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Traction Power","award":["2022NSFSC1976"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022NSFSC1976"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Traction Power","award":["52175123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52175123"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2022TPL-T13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TPL-T13"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2682021CX092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2682021CX092"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2022NSFSC1976"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022NSFSC1976"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["52175123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52175123"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan, China","award":["2022TPL-T13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TPL-T13"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan, China","award":["2682021CX092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2682021CX092"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan, China","award":["2022NSFSC1976"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022NSFSC1976"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan, China","award":["52175123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52175123"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022TPL-T13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022TPL-T13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2682021CX092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2682021CX092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022NSFSC1976"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022NSFSC1976"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52175123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52175123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to provide important guidelines for the crashworthiness design of composite energy-absorbing structures, especially railway vehicles. An experimental and numerical investigation was carried out to explore the crushing response of circular composite tubes reinforced with plain woven carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP). Quasi-static and dynamic axial crushing tests were performed on CFRP tubes with an inner diameter of 100 mm and a nominal wall thickness of 12 mm. Experimental results showed that increasing loading velocity led to a 21.8% reduction in specific energy absorption (from 99.7 kJ\/kg to 78.7 kJ\/kg) but had negligible influence on failure modes. Finite element models were also established and validated against the experimental results using ABAQUS\/Explicit software. The effects of several different parameters such as the number of shell layers, friction coefficient, and interface properties on the simulated results, were also investigated and analyzed. A small variation in these parameters could change the total energy absorption of CFRP tubes. The comparisons between the predicted and experimental results indicated that a finite element model with 10 shell layers could effectively replicate the crushing response. In addition, the simulated results indicated that the damage of tubal wall materials dominated the major energy-absorbing mechanisms of CFRP tubes under quasi-static loads, which was 69.1% of the total energy. The energy dissipated by friction effects between the loading platen and the crushed fronds was 24.1% of the total energy. The increase in the loading velocity led to a decrease in the composite damage energy except for friction energy, resulting in a decrease in the total energy absorption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14224795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T10:49:51Z","timestamp":1667904591000},"page":"4795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["On Crashworthiness and Energy-Absorbing Mechanisms of Thick CFRP Structures for Railway Vehicles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benhuai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Basic R&D Department, National Railway Passenger Car Engineering Research Center, Changchun Railway Vehicles Co., Ltd, Changchun 130113, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanwen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"},{"name":"Basic R&D Department, National Railway Passenger Car Engineering Research Center, Changchun Railway Vehicles Co., Ltd, Changchun 130113, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoune","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2021.108760","article-title":"Lightweight hybrid materials and structures for energy absorption: A state-of-the-art review and outlook","volume":"172","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmecsci.2022.107064","article-title":"Design optimization of bioinspired helicoidal CFRPP\/GFRPP hybrid composites for multiple low-velocity impact loads","volume":"219","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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