{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T06:34:09Z","timestamp":1790318049976,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]],"date-time":"2022-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2-9-2019-141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2-9-2019-141"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iron ore pellets not only have excellent metallurgical and mechanical properties but are also essential raw materials for improving iron and steel smelting in the context of the increasing global depletion of high-grade iron ore resources. Organic polymers, as important additive components for the production of high-quality pellets, have a significant impact on the formation as well as the properties of pellets. In this review, the mechanisms of organic polymers on the pelletizing properties, bursting temperature, and pellet strength at low and high temperatures, as well as the existing measures and mechanisms to improve the high-temperature strength of the organic binder pellets are systematically summarized. Compared with traditional bentonite additives, the organic polymers greatly improve the pelletizing rate and pellet strength at low temperatures, and significantly reduces metallurgical pollution. However, organic binders often lead to a decrease in pellet bursting temperature and pellet strength at high temperatures, which can be significantly improved by compounding with a small amount of low-cost inorganic minerals, such as bentonite, boron-containing compounds, sodium salts, and copper slag. At the same time, some industrial solid wastes can be rationally used to reduce the cost of pellet binders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14224874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T04:21:45Z","timestamp":1668399705000},"page":"4874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["A Review on the Effect of the Mechanism of Organic Polymers on Pellet Properties for Iron Ore Beneficiation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7560-236X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongxing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), No. 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengshan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), No. 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cunfa","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), No. 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holmes, R.J., Lu, Y., and Lu, L. (2015). Introduction: Overview of the global iron ore industry. Iron Ore, 1\u201356.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820226-5.00023-9"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1080\/08827508.2021.1947269","article-title":"Iron ore pelletization: Part II. Inorganic binders","volume":"43","author":"Kawatra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Miner. Processing Extr. Metall. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3103\/S0967091213080135","article-title":"Prospects for the production of iron-ore pellets","volume":"43","author":"Gubin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Steel Transl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1051\/metal\/2017042","article-title":"Effects of an inorganic binder on the strength property of cold-bonded pellets","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Met. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2006.08.008","article-title":"Binding mechanisms in wet iron ore green pellets with a bentonite binder","volume":"169","author":"Forsmo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1179\/1743281211Y.0000000029","article-title":"Decreasing bentonite dosage during iron ore pelletising","volume":"38","author":"Fan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ironmak. Steelmak."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1437","article-title":"Production of acid iron ore pellet for direct reduction, using an organic binder","volume":"36","author":"Kater","year":"1984","journal-title":"Min. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Kater, T., and Steeghs, R. (1984). Organic Binders for Iron Ore Pelletizing, U.S. Department of Energy."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H.X., Zhou, F.S., Ma, C.F., Wei, Z.J., and Long, W.J. (2022). Bonding mechanism and process characteristics of special polymers applied in pelletizing binders. Coatings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings12111618"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Claremboux, V., and Kawatra, S.K. (2022). Iron ore pelletization: Part III. organic binders. Miner. Processing Extr. Metall. Rev., 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1080\/08827508.2022.2029431"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"ISIJINT-2022","article-title":"A review on the humic substances in pelletizing binders: Preparation, interaction mechanism, and process characteristics","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.03.118","article-title":"Effect of additives concentration on pelletization of high grade hematite","volume":"33","author":"Prusti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127056","article-title":"A review on the industrial solid waste application in pelletizing additives: Composition, mechanism and process characteristics","volume":"423","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/19392699.2017.1310103","article-title":"Binders and the Bonding Mechanism of Fly Ash and Coke Pelletization","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Prep. Util."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Volodymyr, S. (2018). Iron ore pelletizing process: An overview. Iron Ores and Iron Oxide Materials, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1080\/15435075.2018.1529581","article-title":"Renewable biofuel production from biomass: A review for biomass pelletization, characterization, and thermal conversion techniques","volume":"15","author":"Younis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Green Energy"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"41","article-title":"Toward the influence of iron oxide morphology on the grinding and filtration processes and on the cold crushing strength (CCS) of heat-treated iron ore pellets","volume":"41","author":"Machado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Miner. Process. Extr. Met. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/08827508.2016.1244058","article-title":"Study of Iron Ore Mixtures Behavior in the Grinding Pelletizing Process","volume":"38","author":"Casagrande","year":"2017","journal-title":"Miner. Process. Extr. Met. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/08827508.2017.1415209","article-title":"A case study on large-scale production for iron oxide pellets: Ezhou pelletization plant of the BAOWU","volume":"39","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Miner. Processing Extr. Metall. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Meyer, K. (1980). Pelleting of Iron Ores, Springer."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s12666-021-02449-6","article-title":"Investigation on Loss on Ignition to Study the Effect of Iron Ore Mineralogy in Green Pellet Growth Kinetics","volume":"75","author":"Barik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. Indian Inst. Met."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2008.10.002","article-title":"Normal capillary forces","volume":"146","author":"Butt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fayed, M.E., and Otten, L. (1997). Size enlargement by agglomeration. Handbook of Powder Science & Technology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-6373-0"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Gao, Q.J. (2014). Preparation of MgO Bearing Additive for Pellet and Mechanisem Investigation of it on the Effect to Quality of Pellets. [Ph.D. Thesis, Northeastern University]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-5910(84)80010-8","article-title":"Capillary forces\u2014modeling and application in particulate technology","volume":"37","author":"Schubert","year":"1984","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-5910(01)00313-8","article-title":"Nucleation, growth and breakage phenomena in agitated wet granulation processes: A review","volume":"117","author":"Iveson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2007.05.023","article-title":"A study on plasticity and compression strength in wet iron ore green pellets related to real process variations in raw material fineness","volume":"181","author":"Forsmo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/07349340490498565","article-title":"Use of Pelletization to Assess the Effect of Particle\u2013Particle Interactions on Coal Handleability","volume":"24","author":"Holuszko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Coal Prep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.51.1057","article-title":"Effect of Micro-particles in Iron Ore on the Granule Growth and Strength","volume":"51","author":"Kawachi","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/08827508.2013.873862","article-title":"Effect of Blaine Fineness on the Quality of Hematite Iron Ore Pellets for Blast Furnace","volume":"36","author":"Pal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Miner. Process. Extr. Met. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"48","article-title":"Optimization of disc parameters producing more suitable size range of green pellets","volume":"1","author":"Pandey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Metall. Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, D.Q., Pan, J., Lu, L.M., and Holmes, R.J. (2015). Iron ore pelletization. Iron Ore, 435\u2013473.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-156-6.00015-0"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0692.2004.00668.x","article-title":"Effects of binders on balling behaviors of iron ore concentrates","volume":"33","author":"Qiu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand. J. Met."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1007\/s12666-021-02301-x","article-title":"Utilization of Kimberlite as Binder for Iron Ore Pellet Making","volume":"74","author":"Chaurasiya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. Indian Inst. Met."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Feldman, D. (1987). Structural Adhesives-Chemistry and Technology, Springer."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Casey, L. (2016). Organic Binders for Iron ore Pelletization. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Aalto University]."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-7757(03)00264-4","article-title":"Functions and molecular structure of organic binders for iron ore pelletization","volume":"224","author":"Qiu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Forsmo, S.P.E. (2007). Influence of Green Pellet Properties on Pelletizing of Magnetite Iron Ore. [Ph.D. Thesis, Lule\u00e5 University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Goetzman, H., Bleifuss, R., and Engesser, J. (1988, January 25). Investigation of carboxymethyl cellulose binders for taconite pelletizing. Proceedings of the SME Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, USA."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"73","article-title":"Review of organic binders for iron ore concentrate agglomeration","volume":"31","author":"Halt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mining, Met. Explor."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"BeMiller, J.N., and Whistler, R.L. (2012). Industrial gums: Polysaccharides and Their Derivatives, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2013.03.053","article-title":"Carboxymethyl cellulose binding to mineral substrates: Characterization by atomic force microscopy\u2013based Force spectroscopy and quartz-crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring","volume":"402","author":"Pensini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Allen, A. (1993, January 3\u20137). Synthetic organic binders in iron ore pelletisation. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Agglomeration, Nagoya, Japan."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2005.08.003","article-title":"The effect of humic acid adsorption on pH-dependent surface charging and aggregation of magnetite nanoparticles","volume":"295","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4210","DOI":"10.1021\/la970836o","article-title":"Adsorption of Humic Acids to Mineral Particles. 2. Polydispersity Effects with Polyelectrolyte Adsorption","volume":"14","author":"Vermeer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1021\/es00050a007","article-title":"Adsorption and desorption of natural organic matter on iron oxide: Mechanisms and models","volume":"28","author":"Gu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3571","DOI":"10.1021\/la803701b","article-title":"Interactions of Humic Acid with Nanosized Inorganic Oxides","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-012-1233-9","article-title":"Adsorption of lignite humic acid onto magnetite particle surface","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Central South Univ."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Sunde, M. (2012). Organic Binder as a Substitute for Bentonite in Ilmenite Pelletization. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2011.06.029","article-title":"The effect of calcium ions, sodium silicate and surfactant on charge and wettability of magnetite","volume":"386","author":"Potapova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.17159\/2411-9717\/2017\/v117n4a4","article-title":"Influence of a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binder on the mechanical properties of iron ore pellets","volume":"117","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. South. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/08827508.2016.1262859","article-title":"Pelletization using humic substance-based binder","volume":"38","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Miner. Processing Extr. Metall. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s11148-016-9954-1","article-title":"Effects and Mechanisms of Binders on the Properities of Magnesium Oxide Pellets","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Refract. Ind. Ceram."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1007\/s12666-021-02302-w","article-title":"Hardening Behaviour of Pellets Prepared from a Novel Combination of Rare Multimetallic Magnetite Ore and Binder","volume":"74","author":"Mishra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trans. Indian Inst. Met."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Sivrikaya, O. (2011). Use of Boron Based Binders in Pelletization of Iron Ores. [Ph.D. Thesis, Middle East Technical University]."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"103","article-title":"Application of modified humic acid (MHA) binder in the pelletizing of fluxed hematite concentrate","volume":"31","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Miner. Process. Extr. Met. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-015-2640-5","article-title":"Effect of modified humic acid binder on pelletisation of specularite concentrates","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Central South Univ."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2018.09.021","article-title":"Binding mechanisms of polysaccharides adsorbing onto magnetite concentrate surface","volume":"340","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024955013924","article-title":"Production of Iron-Ore Pellets with an Organic Binder","volume":"47","author":"Chizhikova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Metallurgist"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Ding, B. (2018). Study on the Binding Mechanisms and Experiment of Sodium Lignosulfonate in Pellets. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Wuhan University of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08827500306896","article-title":"A review of binders in iron ore pelletization","volume":"24","author":"Eisele","year":"2003","journal-title":"Miner. Processing Extr. Metall. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00608823","article-title":"IR spectroscopic study of the adsorption of polyacrylamide on hematite","volume":"23","author":"Samsonova","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1021\/la00087a047","article-title":"Adsorption of polyacrylamide on oxide minerals","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"1989","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2006.02.030","article-title":"Bonding between polyacrylamide and smectite","volume":"281","author":"Deng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-011-1921-y","article-title":"Comparative study of thermal degradation behavior of graft copolymers of polysaccharides and vinyl monomers","volume":"107","author":"Srivastava","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1080\/15583724.2019.1579226","article-title":"Carboxyl-functionalized derivatives of carboxymethyl cellulose: Towards advanced biomedical applications","volume":"59","author":"Pettignano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3825","DOI":"10.1021\/la9800046","article-title":"Adsorption Mechanisms of Carboxymethyl Cellulose on Mineral Surfaces","volume":"14","author":"Hoogendam","year":"1998","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-015-2639-y","article-title":"Interaction mechanism between carboxylmethyl cellulose and iron ore concentrates in iron ore agglomeration","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Central South Univ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2014.07.011","article-title":"Effect of carboxymethyl cellulose on the drying dynamics and thermal cracking performance of iron ore green pellets","volume":"267","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmgm.2020.107787","article-title":"Interaction and thermal stability of carboxymethyl cellulose on alpha-Fe2O3(001) surface: ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations study","volume":"102","author":"Saha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Graph. Model."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/star.19850370102","article-title":"Composition and properties of commercial native starches","volume":"37","author":"Swinkels","year":"1985","journal-title":"Starch"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1080\/08827508.2016.1262857","article-title":"Can modified starch be used as a binder for iron ore pellets?","volume":"38","author":"Halt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Miner. Processing Extr. Metall. Rev."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"13","article-title":"Action and behavior of gelatinized starch in iron pellets","volume":"52","author":"An","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iron Steel"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Ripke, S.J. (2002). Advances in Iron Ore Pelletization by Understanding Bonding and Strengthening Mechanisms. [Ph.D. Thesis, Michigan Technological University]."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detailed Adsorption Studies of Active Humic Acid Fraction of a New Binder on Iron Ore Particles","volume":"35","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Miner. Process. Extr. Met. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, G., Su, S., Cao, Y., Huang, Y., and Song, X. (2018). Research on the Interaction of Humic Acid with Iron Minerals. Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72484-3_69"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.minpro.2011.07.002","article-title":"A further study on the interaction between one of organic active fractions of the MHA binder and iron ore surface","volume":"100","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Miner. Process."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-012-1273-1","article-title":"Characteristics of humin fractions associated with inorganic minerals obtained by NaOH, and NaOH assisted with anthraquinone extraction procedures","volume":"19","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Central South Univ."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/08827508.2018.1538986","article-title":"Interfacial interaction between humic acid and vanadium, titanium-bearing magnetite (VTM) particles","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Miner. Processing Extr. Metall. Rev."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2013.10.011","article-title":"Comparative study on the adsorption interactions of humic acid onto natural magnetite, hematite and quartz: Effect of initial HA concentration","volume":"251","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2016.08.042","article-title":"Effects of metal cations on the fulvic acid (FA) adsorption onto natural iron oxide in iron ore pelletizing process","volume":"302","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/08827508.2017.1328598","article-title":"Humic Substance-based Binder in Iron Ore Pelletization: A Review","volume":"38","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Miner. Process. Extr. Met. Rev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holladay, J.E., White, J.F., Bozell, J.J., and Johnson, D. (2007). Top Value-Added Chemicals from Biomass-Volume II\u2014Results of Screening for Potential Candidates from Biorefinery Lignin, Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL).","DOI":"10.2172\/921839"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1021\/jp410454q","article-title":"ReaxFF Study of the Oxidation of Lignin Model Compounds for the Most Common Linkages in Softwood in View of Carbon Fiber Production","volume":"118","author":"Beste","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2007.07.008","article-title":"Lignin as a base material for materials applications: Chemistry, application and economics","volume":"27","author":"Stewart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s10450-010-9237-y","article-title":"Adsorption of sodium lignosulfonates on hematite","volume":"16","author":"Nanthakumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adsorption"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"25","article-title":"Concretion mechanism and strengthened pathway of green iron ore pellet","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Met. Mater. Metall. Eng."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2004.01.012","article-title":"Impact deformation and rebound of wet granules","volume":"140","author":"Fu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"35","article-title":"Analysis of effect of modified organic binder on pelletizing properties","volume":"42","author":"Hou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sinter. Pelletizing"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7639326","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/7639326","article-title":"Effect of Bentonite on the Pelleting Properties of Iron Concentrate","volume":"2017","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2018.08.090","article-title":"Improvement on the thermal cracking performance of pellets prepared from ultrafine iron ore","volume":"342","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"53","article-title":"Study on increasing the burst temperature of green ball from Chengchao pellet plant","volume":"19","author":"Jiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Min. Eng."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"7","article-title":"Mechanism of binder\u2019s effect in shock resisting of green balls","volume":"20","author":"Xue","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sinter. Pelletizing"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, Y.Q., Qin, G.L., Zhang, Y., Zhao, L.Y., and Yang, T. (2020). Experimental research on pellet production with boron-containing concentrate. Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36628-5_9"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qing, G., Tian, Y., Zhang, W., Wang, X., Huang, W., Dong, X., and Li, M. (2018). Study on Application of Iron Ore Fine in Pelletizing. Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72484-3_30"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"20","article-title":"Influence of binder on quality of chengchao iron concentrate pellet","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sinter. Pelletizing"},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Roorda, H.J., Burghardt, O., Kortmann, H.A., Jipping, M.J., and Kater, T. (1975, January 20\u201326). Organic binder for iron ore agglomeration. Proceedings of the 11th International Mineral Processing Congress, Cagliari, Italy."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Deng, D.Y. (2016). Study on the Behavior and Experiment of Gelatinized Starch in Iron Oxide Pellets. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Wuhan University of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Zhang, D.Y. (2011). Research on Application of MHA Binder in Oxidized Pellet Preparation from Specularite Concentrates. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Central South University]."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"McDonald, J. (2017). Advances in alternative binders for iron ore pellets. [Ph.D. Thesis, Michigan Technological University]."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"177","article-title":"Effects of starch solubility on the quality of unfired hematite concentrate pellets","volume":"31","author":"McDonald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mining, Met. Explor."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Haas, L.A., Aldinger, J.A., and Zahl, R.K. (1989). Effectiveness of Organic Binders for Iron Ore Pelletization, US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, G.H., Zhang, Y.B., Jiang, T., Huang, Y.F., and Li, G.H. (2011). Effects of binders on oxidized pellets preparation from vanadium\/titanium-bearing magnetite. 2nd International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118062081.ch34"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.52.378","article-title":"Optimizing the Mass Ratio of Two Organic Active Fractions in Modified Humic Acid (MHA) Binders for Iron Ore Pelletizing","volume":"52","author":"Han","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-7516(02)00155-2","article-title":"Influence of the olivine additive fineness on the oxidation of magnetite pellets","volume":"70","author":"Forsmo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Miner. Process"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"70","article-title":"Crystal rule of Fe2O3 in oxidized pellet","volume":"38","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"10","article-title":"Study on crystallization rule of oxidized pellet","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Res. Iron Steel"},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"Hu, L. (2011). Influence and Mechanism of Al2O3 and SiO2 on Iron Ore Sintering. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Central South University]."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.2355\/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2020-091","article-title":"Influence and Mechanism of CaO on the Oxidation Induration of Hongge Vanadium Titanomagnetite Pellets","volume":"60","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISIJ Int."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"57","article-title":"Research status of the effect of chemical composition on the compressive strength of pellets","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sinter. Pelletizing"},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"32","article-title":"Study on influence of iron ore composition on the basic sintering characteristics","volume":"41","author":"Xiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sinter. Pelletizing"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, H., Jiang, X., Shen, F., Zheng, H., Gao, Q., and Zhang, X. (2019). Influence of SiO2 on the Compressive Strength and Reduction-Melting of Pellets. Metals, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/met9080852"},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"1","article-title":"Agglomeration of hematite concentrate by starches","volume":"38","author":"McDonald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Miner. Processing Extr. Metall. Rev."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1007\/s12613-020-2055-7","article-title":"Effect of organic binders on the activation and properties of indurated magnetite pellets","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Miner. Met. Mater."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2016.07.074","article-title":"Binding effects and mechanisms of the carboxymethyl starch modified with nano-CaCO3 in magnetite concentrate pellets","volume":"301","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Sivrikaya, O., and Arol, A.I. (2009, January 15\u201317). Use of organic binders and borates in pelletizing of iron oxides. Proceedings of the 4th International Boron Symposium, Eski\u015fehir, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.minpro.2012.04.010","article-title":"The bonding\/strengthening mechanism of colemanite added organic binders in iron ore pelletization","volume":"110-111","author":"Sivrikaya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Miner. Process."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S1006-706X(14)60002-9","article-title":"Mechanism of Strength Improvement of Magnetite Pellet by Adding Boron-bearing Iron Concentrate","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Iron Steel Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3103\/S0967091221070111","article-title":"Prospects for Using Boron in Metallurgy. Report 1","volume":"51","author":"Zhuchkov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Steel Transl."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of boron on the quality of iron ore pellets","volume":"1","author":"Malysheva","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Russ. Metall. Met."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1007\/s12666-018-1297-9","article-title":"Compressive Strength of Fired Pellets Using Organic Binder: Response Surface Approach for Analyzing the Performance","volume":"71","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trans. Indian Inst. Met."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2011.02.007","article-title":"Pelletization of magnetite ore with colemanite added organic binders","volume":"210","author":"Sivrikaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1179\/1743281212Y.0000000016","article-title":"Method to improve preheated and fired strengths of haematite pellets using boron compounds with organic binders","volume":"40","author":"Sivrikaya","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ironmak. Steelmak."},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"Li, H.M. (2009). Study on the Process and Mechanism of Improving the Pelletization of Brazilian Hematite by Adding Boron Bearing Compound Additives. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Central South University]."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"55","article-title":"Effect of alkali metals content on roasting of Fe2O3 briquetting","volume":"3","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nonferrous Met. Extr. Metall."},{"key":"ref_126","first-page":"21","article-title":"Influence of element of F, K, Na on pellet morphology and composition","volume":"2","author":"Pi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nonferrous Met. Extr. Metall."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"32","article-title":"Effect of K and Na on sinter crystal-intensity of baiyunebo iron ore concentrates","volume":"26","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Iron Steel Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1515\/htmp-2020-0091","article-title":"Effect of K and Na on reduction swelling performance of oxidized roasted briquettes","volume":"40","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"High Temp. Mater. Process."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1179\/1743281215Y.0000000033","article-title":"Replacement of bentonite in hematite ore pelletisation using a combination of sodium lignosulphonate and copper smelting slag","volume":"43","author":"Ammasi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ironmak. Steelmak."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-3449(02)00171-4","article-title":"Premchand Characteristics and utilisation of copper slag\u2014a review","volume":"39","author":"Gorai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2021.107150","article-title":"The potential for copper slag waste as a resource for a circular economy: A review\u2014Part II","volume":"172","author":"Phiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/22\/4874\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:16:51Z","timestamp":1760145411000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/22\/4874"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["polym14224874"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym14224874","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,12]]}}}