{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:28:43Z","timestamp":1791181723748,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Enterprise of 3D Printing Polymer and Composite Materials","award":["2018B030323001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018B030323001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To develop a composite filament with an electromagnetic-wave-absorbing function suitable for 3D printing, we combined thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) as the matrix material and carbonyl iron powder (CIP) as the absorbing agent to prepare TPU\/CIP composites by melt blending. The composites passed through a single-screw extruder to obtain a filament with 2.85 mm in diameter. Different absorber structures were printed using fused deposition modeling, and their absorption properties were tested using the bow method. The results showed that by increasing CIP content, the electromagnetic-wave absorption performance gradually improved, while the mechanical properties substantially decreased. When the mass fraction of the CIP was 60%, the TPU\/CIP composite showed good absorption properties and could be prepared into a filament that met the requirements for fused deposition modeling. Simulation results of plate-wave-absorption performance showed that, when the plate thickness was 3 mm, the minimum reflection loss was \u221221.98 dB, and the effective absorption bandwidth (for reflection loss below \u221210 dB) was 3.1 GHz (4.55\u20137.65 GHz). After the TPU\/CIP composite was printed into honeycomb, pyramid, and other absorber structures, the absorption performance was further improved. For a structure printed with a gradient-wall honeycomb structure at 3 mm thickness, the effective absorption bandwidth was 4.64 GHz (8.48\u201313.12 GHz), and the minimum reflection loss was \u221236.69 dB. The effective absorption bandwidth of the pyramid structure reached 15.88 GHz (2.12\u201318 GHz), and the minimum reflection loss was \u221249.75 dB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14224960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T03:27:44Z","timestamp":1668655664000},"page":"4960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Electromagnetic-Wave Absorption Properties of 3D-Printed Thermoplastic Polyurethane\/Carbonyl Iron Powder Composites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8217-9291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinsong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3319","DOI":"10.1364\/OME.8.003319","article-title":"Carbonyl iron\/graphite microspheres with good impedance matching for ultrabroadband and highly efficient electromagnetic absorption","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Mater. Express"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.11.119","article-title":"A green fabrication and variable temperature electromagnetic properties for thermal stable microwave absorption towards flower-like Co3O4@ rGO\/SiO2 composites","volume":"166","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2018.11.007","article-title":"Layered structural design of flexible waterborne polyurethane conductive film for excellent electromagnetic interference shielding and low microwave reflectivity","volume":"469","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/13\/5\/009","article-title":"Carbon fiber and nanotube based compo-sites with polypyrrole fabric as electromagnetic absorbers","volume":"13","author":"Tellakula","year":"2004","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2010.07.078","article-title":"Microwave absorption properties of a wave-absorbing coating employing carbonyl iron powder and carbon black","volume":"257","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122860","article-title":"WireintubeZnO@ carbon by molecular layer deposition: Accurately tunable electromagnetic parameters and remarkable microwave absorption","volume":"382","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901448","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201901448","article-title":"Enhanced microwave absorption performance from magnetic coupling of magnetic nanoparticles suspend-ed within hierarchically tubular composite","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115303","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/aadce4","article-title":"Electromagnetic and mechanical properties of carbonyl iron powders-PLA composites fabricated by fused deposition modeling","volume":"5","author":"Guan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1007\/s12633-017-9609-y","article-title":"Microwave absorption properties of polyaniline\/carbonyl iron composites","volume":"10","author":"Didehban","year":"2018","journal-title":"Silicon"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45846","DOI":"10.1002\/app.45846","article-title":"Microwave absorbing and mechanical properties of alternating multilayer carbonyl iron powder-poly(vinyl chloride) composites","volume":"135","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/MSF.480-481.155","article-title":"The electromagnetic wave absorbing characteristics of MnZn ferrite-TPU composite materials","volume":"Volume 480","author":"Peng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Materials Science Forum"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4817","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23286-6","article-title":"Electromagnetic wave absorption and compressive behavior of a three-dimensional metamaterial absorber based on 3D printed honeycomb","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2021.116731","article-title":"Gradient 3D-printed honeycomb structure polymer coated with a composite consisting of Fe3O4 multi-granular nanoclusters and multiwalled car-bon nanotubes for electromagnetic wave absorption","volume":"275","author":"Younes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, W., Wang, Y., and He, J. (2020). Electromagnetic wave absorption properties of structural conductive ABS fabricated by fused deposition modeling. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12061217"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2019.107839","article-title":"Facile synthesis of cobalt-zinc ferrite microspheres decorated nitrogendoped multi-walled carbon nanotubes hybrid composites with excellent microwave absorption in the X-band","volume":"184","author":"Shu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apt.2018.05.008","article-title":"Doublelayer microwave absorber based on Cu dispersed SiC composites","volume":"29","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2015.01.015","article-title":"Sandwich structured graphene@ Fe3O4@ carbon nanocomposites with enhanced electromagnetic absorption properties","volume":"144","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1109\/JRPROC.1948.231603","article-title":"Helical beam antennas for wide-band applications","volume":"36","author":"Kraus","year":"1948","journal-title":"Proc. IRE"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, W., Wang, Y., and He, J. (2020). Effects of carbonyl iron powder (CIP) content on the electromagnetic wave absorption and mechanical properties of CIP\/ABS composites. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12081694"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2018.08.030","article-title":"Graphene to tune microwave absorption frequencies and enhance absorption properties of carbonyl iron\/polyurethane coating","volume":"125","author":"Duan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2008.12.015","article-title":"Multiband microwave absorption films based on defective multiwalled carbon nanotubes added carbonyl iron\/acrylic resin","volume":"404","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. B Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2014.09.061","article-title":"Electromagnetic property of SiO2-coated carbonyl iron\/polyimide composites as heat resistant microwave absorbing materials","volume":"375","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2012.09.045","article-title":"Microwave absorbing property of silicone rubber composites with added carbonyl iron particles and graphite platelet","volume":"327","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2021.106626","article-title":"Preparation and microwave absorption of CIP\/EP hollow spheres lattice composites","volume":"150","author":"Qiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.02.068","article-title":"A wide frequency absorbing material added CIPs using the fuse deposition modeling","volume":"704","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/22\/4960\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:19:34Z","timestamp":1760145574000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/14\/22\/4960"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["polym14224960"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym14224960","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]}}}