{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:06:29Z","timestamp":1787162789824,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/TK0\/MMU\/02\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2020\/TK0\/MMU\/02\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the past few decades, electrochromism has been a prominent topic in energy-saving applications, which is based on the mechanism of altering the optical transmittance of EC materials under the effect of a small applied voltage. Thus, tungsten oxide (WO3) is a significant chemical compound typically applied in electrochromic devices (ECDs) as it is responsible for the optical transmittance variation. In this work, the WO3 films were produced through a sol\u2013gel spin-coating method. The effect of various transparent conducting oxides (TCOs, which are indium-doped tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrates, and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO)) was investigated in the construction of ECDs. Based on a conducting polymer polypyrene carbonate electrolyte, ITO and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO)-coated glasses were also examined as counter electrodes. The electrode combination employing FTO and ITO as the TCO and counter electrode, respectively, exhibited the most significant coloration efficiency of 72.53 cm2\/C. It had coloring and bleaching transmittance of 14% and 56%, respectively, with a large optical modulation of 42%. In addition to that, ECDs with the AZO counter electrode have the advantage of lower intercalation charges compared to ITO and FTO. Hence, this research offers a new avenue for understanding the role of common TCO and counter electrodes in the development of WO3-based ECDs with conducting polymer electrolytes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15010238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T02:05:53Z","timestamp":1672711553000},"page":"238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Effect of Transparent Conducting Oxide Films on WO3-Based Electrochromic Devices with Conducting Polymer Electrolytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1730-5746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedict Wen-Cheun","family":"Au","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Devices and Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Malaysia"},{"name":"Sri Desa International Secondary School, Taman Desa, Kuala Lumpur 58100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1076-5034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kah-Yoong","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Devices and Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5525-6631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory Soon How","family":"Thien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advanced Devices and Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mian-En","family":"Yeoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infineon Technologies (Kulim) Sdn. Bhd., Kulim Hi-Tech Park, Kulim 09090, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Zainizan","family":"Sahdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technical and Vocational Education (FPTV), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat 86400, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2361-086X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanabe Chowdappa Ananda","family":"Murthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama P.O. Box 1888, Ethiopia"},{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science (SIMAT), Saveetha Dental College & Hospital, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2011.08.021","article-title":"Oxide Electrochromics: An Introduction to Devices and Materials","volume":"99","author":"Granqvist","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. 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