{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:30:10Z","timestamp":1785331810537,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673308800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pr\u00f3-Reitoria de Pesquisa, Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o of Instituto Federal de Rond\u00f4nia (PROPESP\/IFRO)","award":["#2015\/04660-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2015\/04660-0"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","award":["#2015\/04660-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2015\/04660-0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Using Kraft lignin, bio-based adhesives have been increasingly studied to replace those petrochemical-based solutions, due to low cost, easy availability and the potential for biodegradability of this biomaterial. In this study, lignin-based phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resins were synthesized using commercial Eucalypt Kraft Lignin (EKL), purified at 95%, as a phenol substitute in different proportions of 10%, 20%, 30% and 50%. The properties of bio-based phenol formaldehyde (BPF) synthesized resin were compared with phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF) used for control sampling. The results indicated that viscosity, gel time and solid contents increased with the addition of pure EKL. The shear strength test of glue line was studied according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), and BPF-based results were superior to samples bonded with the PF as a control sample, being suitable for structural purposes. Changes in the curing behavior of different resins were analyzed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and sample comparison indicated that the curing of the LPF resin occurred at lower temperatures than the PF. The addition of EKL in PF reduced its thermal stability compared to traditional resin formulation, resulting in a lower decomposition temperature and a smaller amount of carbonaceous residues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15020357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T01:57:48Z","timestamp":1673315868000},"page":"357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Thermal and Gluing Properties of Phenol-Based Resin with Lignin for Potential Application in Structural Composites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5804-3693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo Soares","family":"Galdino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), 333 Doutor Ariberto Pereira da Cunha Avenue, Guaratinguet\u00e1 12516-410, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4925-8195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel Yuzo","family":"Kondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), 333 Doutor Ariberto Pereira da Cunha Avenue, Guaratinguet\u00e1 12516-410, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2747-4738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Almeida","family":"De Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Postgraduate Program, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos (UFSCar), 235 km Washington Lu\u00eds Highway, S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, Brazil"},{"name":"Science and Engineering Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), 519 Geraldo Alckmin Street, Itapeva 18409-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gretta Larisa Aurora Arce","family":"Ferrufino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Engineering Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), 519 Geraldo Alckmin Street, Itapeva 18409-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7151-1719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emerson","family":"Faustino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus of Ariquemes, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rond\u00f4nia (IFRO), Ariquemes 76870-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herisson Ferreira dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campus of Ariquemes, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rond\u00f4nia (IFRO), Ariquemes 76870-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4066-080X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 Luis","family":"Christoforo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Postgraduate Program, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos (UFSCar), 235 km Washington Lu\u00eds Highway, S\u00e3o Carlos 13565-905, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Manuel Romero","family":"Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Engineering Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), 519 Geraldo Alckmin Street, Itapeva 18409-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9669-6820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiane In\u00e1cio de","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), 333 Doutor Ariberto Pereira da Cunha Avenue, Guaratinguet\u00e1 12516-410, Brazil"},{"name":"Science and Engineering Institute, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), 519 Geraldo Alckmin Street, Itapeva 18409-010, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2012.07.008","article-title":"Phenolic Resins: 100 Years and Still Going Strong","volume":"73","author":"Pilato","year":"2013","journal-title":"React. 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