{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:36:12Z","timestamp":1790760972267,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research Agency ARRS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1000-11-860046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1000-11-860046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research Agency ARRS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1000-15-0552"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1000-15-0552"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"COST CA18125 Advanced Engineering and Research of aeroGels for Environment and Life Sciences","award":["1000-11-860046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1000-11-860046"]}]},{"name":"COST CA18125 Advanced Engineering and Research of aeroGels for Environment and Life Sciences","award":["1000-15-0552"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1000-15-0552"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wound-dressing materials often include other materials stimulating wound healing. This research describes the first formulation of biodegradable hybrid aerogels composed of polylactic acid and pectin. The prepared hybrid material showed a highly porous structure with a surface area of 166 \u00b1 22.6 m2\u00b7g\u22121. The addition of polylactic acid may have decreased the surface area of the pure pectin aerogel, but it improved the stability of the material in simulated body fluid (SBF). The pure pectin aerogel showed a high swelling and degradation ratio after 3 h. The addition of the polylactic acid prolonged its stability in the simulated body fluid from 24 h to more than one week, depending on the amount of polylactic acid. Biodegradable aerogels were loaded with indomethacin and diclofenac sodium as model drugs. The entrapment efficiencies were 63.4% and 62.6% for indomethacin and diclofenac sodium, respectively. Dissolution of both drugs was prolonged up to 2 days. Finally, sodium percarbonate and calcium peroxide were incorporated into the bioaerogels as chemical oxygen sources, to evaluate oxygen generation for potential wound healing applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15020407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T04:29:38Z","timestamp":1673497778000},"page":"407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Hybrid Polylactic-Acid\u2013Pectin Aerogels: Synthesis, Structural Properties, and Drug Release"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Gabrijela","family":"Horvat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klara","family":"\u017dvab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8760-607X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017deljko","family":"Knez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6677-0743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoran","family":"Novak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000903700531","article-title":"The Wound Healing Process: An Overview of the Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms","volume":"37","author":"Velnar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00182","article-title":"Selection of Appropriate Wound Dressing for Various Wounds","volume":"8","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.7603\/s40681-015-0022-9","article-title":"Wound Dressings\u2014A Review","volume":"5","author":"Dhivya","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernardes, B.G., Del Gaudio, P., Alves, P., Costa, R., Garc\u00eda-Gonzal\u00e9z, C.A., and Oliveira, A.L. (2021). Bioaerogels: Promising Nanostructured Materials in Fluid Management, Healing and Regeneration of Wounds. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26133834"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30041","article-title":"Bioresorbable Nanofiber-Based Systems for Wound Healing and Drug Delivery: Optimization of Fabrication Parameters","volume":"70B","author":"Katti","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(01)00239-3","article-title":"Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications","volume":"54","author":"Hoffman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2006.00116.x","article-title":"Pain and Quality of Life for Patients with Venous Leg Ulcers: Proof of Concept of the Efficacy of Biatain\u00ae-Ibu, a New Pain Reducing Wound Dressing","volume":"14","author":"Friis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.05.044","article-title":"Alginate Based Bilayer Hydrocolloid Films as Potential Slow-Release Modern Wound Dressing","volume":"434","author":"Thu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357001777469","article-title":"In-Vivo Drug Delivery of 5-Fluorouracil Using Poly(2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate-Co-Acrylamide) Hydrogels","volume":"52","author":"Blanco","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2015.06.009","article-title":"Fast Production of High-Methoxyl Pectin Aerogels for Enhancing the Bioavailability of Low-Soluble Drugs","volume":"106","author":"Tkalec","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.06.054","article-title":"Characterisation of Biodegradable Pectin Aerogels and Their Potential Use as Drug Carriers","volume":"113","author":"Veronovski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2021.110386","article-title":"Pectin Hydrogels, Aerogels, Cryogels and Xerogels: Influence of Drying on Structural and Release Properties","volume":"149","author":"Groult","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andriotis, E.G., Eleftheriadis, G.K., Karavasili, C., and Fatouros, D.G. (2020). Development of Bio-Active Patches Based on Pectin for the Treatment of Ulcers and Wounds Using 3D-Bioprinting Technology. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12010056"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7739","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9220-1","article-title":"Antimicrobial Additives for Poly(Lactic Acid) Materials and Their Applications: Current State and Perspectives","volume":"102","author":"Scaffaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1515\/polyeng-2019-0377","article-title":"Fabrication and Evaluation of Polylactic Acid\/Pectin Composite Scaffold via Freeze Extraction for Tissue Engineering","volume":"40","author":"Hamzah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Polym. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2011.09.005","article-title":"Skin: Histology and Physiology of Wound Healing","volume":"39","author":"Gantwerker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2007.00311.x","article-title":"Why Combine a Foam Dressing with Ibuprofen for Wound Pain and Moist Wound Healing?","volume":"4","author":"Price","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2008.07.025","article-title":"Novel Wound Models for Characterizing Ibuprofen Release from Foam Dressings","volume":"364","author":"Steffansen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2012.00844.x","article-title":"Clinically Relevant Pain Relief with an Ibuprofen-Releasing Foam Dressing: Results from a Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Trial in Exuding, Painful Venous Leg Ulcers","volume":"20","author":"Fogh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-014-0515-9","article-title":"Cellulose Based Thin Films as a Platform for Drug Release Studies to Mimick Wound Dressing Materials","volume":"22","author":"Maver","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.08.014","article-title":"Preparation, Optimisation and Characterisation of Novel Wound Healing Film Dressings Loaded with Streptomycin and Diclofenac","volume":"102","author":"Pawar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.06.059","article-title":"Electrospun PVP\u2013Indomethacin Constituents for Transdermal Dressings and Drug Delivery Devices","volume":"473","author":"Rasekh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12324","article-title":"Peroxide-Based Oxygen Generating Topical Wound Dressing for Enhancing Healing of Dermal Wounds","volume":"23","author":"Chandra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aegerter, M.A., Leventis, N., and Koebel, M.M. (2011). Pharmaceutical Applications of Aerogels. Aerogels Handbook, Springer New York.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7589-8"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2011.06.066","article-title":"Polysaccharide-Based Aerogels\u2014Promising Biodegradable Carriers for Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"86","author":"Alnaief","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.21525","article-title":"Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Diclofenac Sodium and Diclofenac Potassium","volume":"98","author":"Chuasuwan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2019.02.104","article-title":"Salt Formation of Two BCS II Drugs (Indomethacin and Naproxen) with (1R, 2R)-1,2-Diphenylethylenediamine: Crystal Structures, Solubility and Thermodynamics Analysis","volume":"1185","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2017.02.056","article-title":"Polylactic Acid Organogel as Versatile Scaffolding Technique","volume":"113","author":"Punet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-007-3310-4","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Amidated Pectin Based Hydrogels for Drug Delivery System","volume":"19","author":"Mishra","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77362","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA14140K","article-title":"Formation of Polysaccharide Aerogels in Ethanol","volume":"5","author":"Tkalec","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.09.065","article-title":"Oxygen Generating Scaffolds for Enhancing Engineered Tissue Survival","volume":"30","author":"Oh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.07.003","article-title":"Oxygen Producing Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration","volume":"28","author":"Harrison","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ke, D., Kengla, C., Lee, S.J., Yoo, J.J., Zhu, X., and Murphy, S.V. (2022). Release Kinetics and In Vitro Characterization of Sodium Percarbonate and Calcium Peroxide to Oxygenate Bioprinted Tissue Models. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126842"}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/2\/407\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:04:10Z","timestamp":1760119450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/2\/407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["polym15020407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15020407","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]}}}