{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T01:07:33Z","timestamp":1784336853279,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Soongsil University, Seoul 156-743, Republic of Korea"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study presents a respiration sensor that is dependent on a parallel capacitor, including connection lines and electrodes embroidered on textiles. First, characterizations of the respiration capacitor using a silver thread, including a combination of porous Eco-flex simulating air in the lungs due to respiration, were evaluated using an LCR meter. Second, the effects of air gaps on the detection of respiration motions according to the change in electrode distance under pressure were presented. The data values were measured from 1 to 300 kHz using an LCR meter and dielectric test fixture. Third, actual breathing was examined in four patterns: normal breathing, deep breathing, hyperventilation, and apnea. The test was performed after fabricating a clothing-type breathing sensor. Finally, the change in capacitance for actual respiration was determined by wearing a clothing-type respiration sensor based on the data collected. The effectiveness of the respiration sensor was demonstrated by measuring it to discern all waveforms, cycles, and ranges associated with the breathing pattern.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15030503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T04:19:40Z","timestamp":1674101980000},"page":"503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Development of Embroidery-Type Sensor Capable of Detecting Respiration Using the Capacitive Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8143-3363","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Seon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Wearables Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8416-0084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"TranThuyNga","family":"Truong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Wearables Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1969-5730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jooyong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Smart Wearables Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanegas, E., Igual, R., and Plaza, I. (2020). Sensing systems for respiration monitoring: A technical systematic review. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185446"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2022.132369","article-title":"Facile primary battery-based humidity sensor for multifunctional application","volume":"370","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44928","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c05162","article-title":"Polymer-thread-based fully textile capacitive sensor embroidered on a protective face mask for humidity detection","volume":"7","author":"Sinha","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2022, June 30). Respiratory Rate: The Neglected Vital Sign\u2014Cretikos\u20142008\u2014Medical Journal of Australia\u2014Wiley Online Library. Available online: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01825.x."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simi\u0107, M., Stavrakis, A.K., Sinha, A., Prem\u010devski, V., Markoski, B., and Stojanovi\u0107, G.M. (2022). Portable respiration monitoring system with an embroidered capacitive facemask sensor. Biosensors, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12050339"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massaroni, C., Nicol\u00f2, A., Presti, D.L., Sacchetti, M., Silvestri, S., and Schena, E. (2019). Contact-based methods for measuring respiratory rate. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040908"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/JTEHM.2017.2688458","article-title":"Effectively measuring respiratory flow with portable pressure data using back propagation neural network","volume":"6","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE J. Transl. Eng. Heal. 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Micromachines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi9110543"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3245","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2327991","article-title":"Simplified structural textile respiration sensor based on capacitive pressure sensing method","volume":"14","author":"Min","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3119","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2357257","article-title":"Recent Advances in Wearable Sensors for Health Monitoring","volume":"15","author":"Rodgers","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201504755","article-title":"Stretchable, skin-mountable, and wearable strain sensors and their potential applications: A review","volume":"26","author":"Amjadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15371","DOI":"10.3390\/s140815371","article-title":"An Ultrasonic Contactless Sensor for Breathing Monitoring","volume":"14","author":"Arlotto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay2840","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay2840","article-title":"Machine-knitted washable sensor array textile for precise epidermal physiological signal monitoring","volume":"6","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1524\/teme.2008.0905","article-title":"Medizinische textilien mit integrierten polymeroptischen fasern zur atmungssensorikmedicinal textiles with integrated polymer-optical fibers for respiration monitoring","volume":"75","author":"Witt","year":"2008","journal-title":"tm-Tech. 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Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Truong, T., Kim, J.-S., and Kim, J. (2022). Development of embroidery-type pressure sensor dependent on interdigitated capacitive method. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14173446"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2021.108607","article-title":"Fabrication of hierarchically porous structured PDMS composites and their application as a flexible capacitive pressure sensor","volume":"211","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Part B: Eng."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/3\/503\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:09:09Z","timestamp":1760119749000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/3\/503"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["polym15030503"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15030503","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]}}}