{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T17:12:31Z","timestamp":1771607551623,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minister of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["Priority-2030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Priority-2030"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A study is presented on four polymers of the polyurethane family, obtained using a two-stage process. The first composition is the basic polymer; the others differ from it by the presence of a variety of fillers, introduced to provide radiopacity. The fillers used were 15% bismuth oxide (Composition 2), 15% tantalum pentoxide (Composition 3), or 15% zirconium oxide (Composition 4). Using a test culture of human fibroblasts enabled the level of cytotoxicity of the compositions to be determined by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay, along with variations in the characteristics of the cells resulting from their culture directly on the specimens. The condition of cells on the surfaces of the specimens was assessed using fluorescence microscopy. It was shown that introducing 15% bismuth, tantalum, or zinc compounds as fillers produced a range of effects on the biological characteristics of the compositions. With the different fillers, the levels of toxicity differed and the cells\u2019 proliferative activity or adhesion was affected. However, in general, all the studied compositions may be considered cytocompatible in respect of their biological characteristics and are promising for further development as bases for bone-substituting materials. The results obtained also open up prospects for further investigations of polyurethane compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15040831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T04:57:41Z","timestamp":1675832261000},"page":"831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Biological Characteristics of Polyurethane-Based Bone-Replacement Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8815-9651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marfa N.","family":"Egorikhina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrey E.","family":"Bokov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina N.","family":"Charykova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2781-6419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulia P.","family":"Rubtsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3879-8460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria D.","family":"Linkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irina I.","family":"Kobyakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7940-0880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina A.","family":"Farafontova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Svetlana Ya.","family":"Kalinina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuri N.","family":"Kolmogorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Limited Liability Company \u201cIcon Lab Gmbh\u201d, 603003 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana Ya.","family":"Aleynik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Privolzhsky Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.11.024","article-title":"Osteoporosis: A still increasing prevalence","volume":"38","author":"Reginster","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-3982-2","article-title":"The surgical algorithm for the AOSpine thoracolumbar spine injury classification system","volume":"25","author":"Vaccaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-019-01041-6","article-title":"State of the art in osteoporosis risk assessment and treatment","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"10","article-title":"Management of thoracolumbar fractures in adults: Current algorithm","volume":"4","author":"Viswanathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Spine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-020-06339-1","article-title":"Prevalence of lumbar spinal stenosis in general and clinical populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Jensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2021.4915","article-title":"Insight into the roles of melatonin in bone tissue and bone-related diseases (Review)","volume":"47","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Meng Bao, C., Teo, E.Y., Chong, M.S., Liu, Y., Choolani, M., and Chan, J.K. (2013). Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/55916"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"e17705","article-title":"Bone Grafts in Trauma and Orthopaedics","volume":"13","author":"Archunan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.2.170006","article-title":"Diagnostic algorithm, prognostic factors and surgical treatment of metastatic cancer diseases of the long bones and spine","volume":"2","author":"Antal","year":"2017","journal-title":"EFORT Open Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1726444","article-title":"Reconstruction of the Mandibular Condyle","volume":"37","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Facial Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0000000000000167","article-title":"Dentoalveolar reconstruction","volume":"23","author":"Fretwurst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0951-9","article-title":"Cell therapy induced regeneration of severely atrophied mandibular bone in a clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"Gjerde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.19.00680","article-title":"Autologous Iliac Bone Graft Compared with Biphasic Hydroxyapatite and Calcium Sulfate Cement for the Treatment of Bone Defects in Tibial Plateau Fractures: A Prospective, Randomized, Open-Label, Multicenter Study","volume":"102","author":"Hofmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00061","article-title":"Reconstruction of Large Skeletal Defects: Current Clinical Therapeutic Strategies and Future Directions Using 3D Printing","volume":"8","author":"Vidal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-9-66","article-title":"Bone regeneration: Current concepts and future directions","volume":"9","author":"Dimitriou","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.02.017","article-title":"The in vivo response to a novel Ti coating compared with polyether ether ketone: Evaluation of the periphery and inner surfaces of an implant","volume":"18","author":"Walsh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BRS.0000083285.09184.7A","article-title":"Changes in Bone Architecture During Spinal Fusion: Three Years Follow-up and the Role of Cage Stiffness","volume":"28","author":"Smit","year":"2003","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2019.07.004","article-title":"Comparison in the same intervertebral space between titanium-coated and uncoated PEEK cages in lumbar interbody fusion surgery","volume":"25","author":"Kashii","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arts, M.P., Wolfs, J.F., and Corbin, T.P. (2013). The CASCADE trial: Effectiveness of ceramic versus PEEK cages for anterior cervical discectomy with interbody fusion; protocol of a blinded randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-14-244"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.14245\/ns.1938296.148","article-title":"Biomaterials in Spinal Implants: A Review","volume":"17","author":"Warburton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurospine"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-014-3466-9","article-title":"Comparison of fusion rates following transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion using polyetheretherketone cages or titanium cages with transpedicular instrumentation","volume":"23","author":"Nemoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2004.10.009","article-title":"PEEK composites reinforced by nano-sized SiO2 and Al2O3 particulates","volume":"90","author":"Kuo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.12.017","article-title":"Two-Stage Cooperative T Cell Receptor-Peptide Major Histocompatibility Complex-CD8 Trimolecular Interactions Amplify Antigen Discrimination","volume":"34","author":"Jiang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0769-8","article-title":"Assessment of different screw augmentation techniques and screw designs in osteoporotic spines","volume":"17","author":"Becker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748393","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/748393","article-title":"Designs and Techniques That Improve the Pullout Strength of Pedicle Screws in Osteoporotic Vertebrae: Current Status","volume":"2014","author":"Shea","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"639","article-title":"Biomechanical study of injectable hollow pedicle screws for PMMA augmentation in severely osteoporotic lumbar vertebrae: Effect of PMMA distribution and volume on screw stability","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosurgery: Spine"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, P.-L., Tai, C.-L., Chen, L.-H., and Nien, N.-Y. (2011). Cement leakage causes potential thermal injury in vertebroplasty. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-12-116"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.4.SPINE12978","article-title":"Neurological deficit due to cement extravasation following a vertebral augmentation procedure","volume":"19","author":"Sidhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Spine"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20532","article-title":"Effect of vertebroplasty filler materials on viability and gene expression of human nucleus pulposus cells","volume":"26","author":"Speer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aen328","article-title":"Bone cement implantation syndrome","volume":"102","author":"Donaldson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filip, N., Radu, I., Veliceasa, B., Filip, C., Pertea, M., Clim, A., Pinzariu, A.C., Drochioi, I.C., Hilitanu, R.L., and Serban, I.L. (2022). Biomaterials in Orthopedic Devices: Current Issues and Future Perspectives. Coatings, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings12101544"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szczepa\u0144czyk, P., Szlachta, M., Z\u0142ocista-Szewczyk, N., Ch\u0142opek, J., and Pielichowska, K. (2021). Recent Developments in Polyurethane-Based Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13060946"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.12472","article-title":"Cytocompatibility of Bone Substitute Materials and Membranes","volume":"35","author":"Schafer","year":"2021","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17059","DOI":"10.1038\/boneres.2017.59","article-title":"Bone biomaterials and interactions with stem cells","volume":"5","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pr\u00f6hl, A., Batinic, M., Alkildani, S., Hahn, M., Radenkovic, M., Najman, S., Jung, O., and Barbeck, M. (2021). In Vivo Analysis of the Biocompatibility and Bone Healing Capacity of a Novel Bone Grafting Material Combined with Hyaluronic Acid. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094818"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.21786\/bbrc\/13.8\/144","article-title":"Biocompatibility of Polylactic Acid as a Bone Substitute: An In Vitro Study","volume":"13","author":"Meenapriya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venkataiah, V.S., Yahata, Y., Kitagawa, A., Inagaki, M., Kakiuchi, Y., Nakano, M., Suzuki, S., Handa, K., and Saito, M. (2021). Clinical Applications of Cell-Scaffold Constructs for Bone Regeneration Therapy. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10102687"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598607","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.598607","article-title":"Stem Cell-Friendly Scaffold Biomaterials: Applications for Bone Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2020.108445","article-title":"New perspectives: In-situ tissue engineering for bone repair scaffold","volume":"202","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2020.122302","article-title":"Visible-light induced synthesis of biocompatible porous polymers from oligocarbonatedimethacrylate (OCM-2) in the presence of dialkyl phthalates","volume":"192","author":"Yudin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2017.05.007","article-title":"Bone grafts and biomaterials substitutes for bone defect repair: A review","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4949","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-03804-z","article-title":"The impact of the size of bone substitute granules on macrophage and osteoblast behaviors in vitro","volume":"25","author":"Katagiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5304860","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5304860","article-title":"The Role of Epigenetic in Dental and Oral Regenerative Medicine by Different Types of Dental Stem Cells: A Comprehensive Overview","volume":"2022","author":"Hussain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-007-9040-z","article-title":"Correlation of visual in vitro cytotoxicity ratings of biomaterials with quantitative in vitro cell viability measurements","volume":"24","author":"Bhatia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Kolmogorov, J.N., Uspenskij, I.V., Slinjakov, A.J., and Novikov, A.E. (2014). Filler Material. (RU2518753C1), Patent."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","article-title":"Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays","volume":"65","author":"Mossman","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2014.02.166","article-title":"Antimicrobial and cytotoxicity evaluation of aliovalent substituted hydroxyapatite","volume":"303","author":"Shanmugam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2014.07.017","article-title":"The effect of elastic biodegradable polyurethane electrospunnanofibers on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"122","author":"Kuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surf."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.35365","article-title":"Biological evaluation of porous aliphatic polyurethane\/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"103","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(00)00005-3","article-title":"A new peptide-based polymer: Synthesis, biodegradation and potential to support cell growth in vivo","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.30834","article-title":"Biodegradable polyurethane cancellous bone graft substitutes in the treatment of iliac crest defects","volume":"80","author":"Gogolewski","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025011","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/10\/2\/025011","article-title":"Bio-functionalized MWCNT\/hyperbranched polyurethane bionanocomposite for bone regeneration","volume":"10","author":"Das","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.08.038","article-title":"The effects of rhBMP-2 released from biodegradable polyurethane\/microsphere composite scaffolds on new bone formation in rat femora","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/masy.200750713","article-title":"Osteogenesis of osteoblast seeded polyurethane\u2013hydroxyapatite scaffolds in nude mice","volume":"253","author":"Hill","year":"2007","journal-title":"Macromol. Symp."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.07.047","article-title":"Development of polyurethanes for bone repair","volume":"80","author":"Marzec","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/12.Supplement_1.S3","article-title":"Bismuth subsalicylate: History, chemistry, and safety","volume":"12","author":"Bierer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"16","article-title":"The use of bismuth in gastroenterology. The ACG Committee on FDA-related Matters","volume":"86","author":"Marshall","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, H. (2011). Biological Chemistry of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470975503"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)91816-6","article-title":"Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration","volume":"1","author":"Marshall","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7361","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.7361","article-title":"Adverse events with bismuth salts for Helicobacter pylori eradication: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Ford","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13239","DOI":"10.1039\/c2dt31601c","article-title":"The prevalence of metal-based drugs as therapeutic or diagnostic agents: Beyond platinum","volume":"41","author":"Gaynor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.33886","article-title":"Radiopaque UHMWPE sublaminar cables for spinal deformity correction: Preclinical mechanical and radiopacifier leaching assessment","volume":"106","author":"Roth","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B Appl. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.33.12.2075","article-title":"Binding and killing of bacteria by bismuth subsalicylate","volume":"33","author":"Sox","year":"1989","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12882","DOI":"10.1039\/c2dt31256e","article-title":"One dodecahedral bismuth(III) complex derived from 2-acetylpyridine N(4)-pyridylthiosemicarbazone: Synthesis, crystal structure and biological evaluation","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2012.02.024","article-title":"Synthesis, crystal structures, in vitro biological evaluation of zinc(II) and bismuth(III) complexes of 2-acetylpyrazine N(4)-phenylthiosemicarbazone","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5182","DOI":"10.1039\/c4dt00077c","article-title":"Main group bismuth(III), gallium(III) and diorganotin(IV) complexes de-rived from bis(2-acetylpyrazine)thiocarbonohydrazone: Synthesis, crystal structures and biological evaluation","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.144801","article-title":"Enhanced endothelial cell activity induced by incorporation of nano-thick tantalum layer in artificial vascular grafts","volume":"508","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119461","article-title":"Ta ion implanted nano-ridge-platform for enhanced vascular responses","volume":"223","author":"Jang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.34310","article-title":"The effect of tantalum incorporation on the physical and chemical properties of ternary silicon-calcium-phosphorous mesoporous bi-oactive glasses","volume":"107","author":"Mendonca","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"323","article-title":"The physicochemical\/biological properties of porous tantalum and the potential sur-face modification techniques to improve its clinical application in dental implantology","volume":"49","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"109","article-title":"Biofunctionalization strategies on tantalum-based materials for osseointegrative applications","volume":"26","author":"Garrido","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2017.03.030","article-title":"A tantalum oxide-based core\/shell nanoparticle for triple-modality image-guided chemo-thermal synergetic therapy of esophageal carcinoma","volume":"397","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2017.06.049","article-title":"Survivorship of a Porous Tantalum Monoblock Acetabular Component in Primary Hip Arthroplasty With a Mean Follow-Up of 18 Years","volume":"32","author":"Macheras","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Arthroplast."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.21037\/jss.2020.01.01","article-title":"Tantalum: The next biomaterial in spine surgery?","volume":"6","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Spine Surg."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2020.09.091","article-title":"Development of a radiopaque dental glass for endodontic laser applications","volume":"9","author":"Roos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40868","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40868","article-title":"Significantly enhanced osteoblast response to nano-grained pure tantalum","volume":"7","author":"Huo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4323","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S136281","article-title":"Involvement of autophagy in tantalum nanoparticle-induced osteoblast proliferation","volume":"ume 12","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.8b02796","article-title":"Nanolamellar tantalum interfaces in the osteoblast adhesion","volume":"35","author":"An","year":"2019","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3824593","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3824593","article-title":"Investigation of cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses of tantalum nanoparticles in THP-1-Derived macrophages","volume":"2020","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.107433","article-title":"Preparation, characterization, in vitro bioactivity and rBMSCs responses to tantalum pentoxide\/polyimide biocomposites for dental and orthopedic implants","volume":"177","author":"Asadullah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2020.17158","article-title":"Cytotoxicity, Oxidative Stress, and Autophagy Effects of Tantalum Nanoparticles on MC3T3-E1 Mouse Osteoblasts","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.11.035","article-title":"Fabrication of oxide layer on zirconium by micro-arc oxidation: Structural and antimicrobial characteristics","volume":"71","author":"Fidan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000000568","article-title":"Zirconium Nitride Coating Reduced Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilm Formation on Orthopaedic Implant Surfaces: An In Vitro Study","volume":"477","author":"Pilz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2017.05.069","article-title":"In vitro properties of bioceramic coatings produced on zirconium by plasma electrolytic oxidation","volume":"324","author":"Durdu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korniienko, V., Oleshko, O., Husak, Y., Deineka, V., Holubnycha, V., Mishchenko, O., Kazek-K\u0119sik, A., Jak\u00f3bik-Kolon, A., Pshenychnyi, R., and Le\u015bniak-Zi\u00f3\u0142kowska, K. (2020). Formation of a Bacteriostatic Surface on ZrNb Alloy via Anodization in a Solution Containing Cu Nanoparticles. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13183913"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oleshko, O., Deineka, V.V., Husak, Y., Korniienko, V., Mishchenko, O., Holubnycha, V., Pisarek, M., Michalska, J., Kazek-K\u0119sik, A., and Jak\u00f3bik-Kolon, A. (2019). Ag Nanoparticle-Decorated Oxide Coatings Formed via Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation on ZrNb Alloy. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12223742"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2015.09.077","article-title":"Effects of duty cycle and electrolyte concentration on the microstructure and biocompatibility of plasma electrolytic oxidation treatment on zirconium metal","volume":"596","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2017.01.002","article-title":"Comparative investigations of structure and properties of micro-arc wollastonite-calcium phosphate coatings on titanium and zirconium-niobium alloy","volume":"2","author":"Sedelnikova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2011.08.020","article-title":"The influence of UV irradiation on the biological properties of MAO-formed ZrO2","volume":"89","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-009-3953-4","article-title":"Ability of polyurethane foams to support placenta-derived cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation: Preliminary results","volume":"21","author":"Bertoldi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2008.05.017","article-title":"Porosity and pore size of beta-tricalcium phosphate scaffold can influence protein production and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells: An in vitro and in vivo study","volume":"4","author":"Kasten","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/4\/831\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:27:10Z","timestamp":1760120830000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/4\/831"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["polym15040831"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15040831","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]}}}