{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T22:43:22Z","timestamp":1789512202573,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-13-20074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-13-20074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper considers the synthesis of a novel nanocomposite based on reduced graphene oxide and oxidized carbon nanotubes modified with polyaniline and phenol-formaldehyde resin and developed through the carbonization of a pristine aerogel. It was tested as an efficient adsorbent to purify aquatic media from toxic Pb(II). Diagnostic assessment of the samples was carried out through X-ray diffractometry, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The carbonized aerogel was found to preserve the carbon framework structure. The sample porosity was estimated through nitrogen adsorption at 77 K. It was found that the carbonized aerogel predominantly represented a mesoporous material having a specific surface area of 315 m2\/g. After carbonization, an increase in smaller micropores occurred. According to the electron images, the highly porous structure of the carbonized composite was preserved. The adsorption capacity of the carbonized material was studied for liquid-phase Pb(II) extraction in static mode. The experiment results showed that the maximum Pb(II) adsorption capacity of the carbonized aerogel was 185 mg\/g (at pH 6.0). The results of the desorption studies showed a very low desorption rate (0.3%) at pH 6.5 and a rate of about 40% in a strongly acidic medium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15051101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T01:31:06Z","timestamp":1677115866000},"page":"1101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Preparation of a Polyaniline-Modified Hybrid Graphene Aerogel-Like Nanocomposite for Efficient Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions from Aquatic Media"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6508-2092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana S.","family":"Kuznetsova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology and Methods of Nanoproducts Manufacturing, Tambov State Technical University, 106\/5, Building 2, Sovetskaya St., 392000 Tambov, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4871-3504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander E.","family":"Burakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology and Methods of Nanoproducts Manufacturing, Tambov State Technical University, 106\/5, Building 2, Sovetskaya St., 392000 Tambov, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0850-9365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina V.","family":"Burakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology and Methods of Nanoproducts Manufacturing, Tambov State Technical University, 106\/5, Building 2, Sovetskaya St., 392000 Tambov, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5884-3823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana V.","family":"Pasko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology and Methods of Nanoproducts Manufacturing, Tambov State Technical University, 106\/5, Building 2, Sovetskaya St., 392000 Tambov, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4884-5171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana P.","family":"Dyachkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology and Methods of Nanoproducts Manufacturing, Tambov State Technical University, 106\/5, Building 2, Sovetskaya St., 392000 Tambov, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elina S.","family":"Mkrtchyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology and Methods of Nanoproducts Manufacturing, Tambov State Technical University, 106\/5, Building 2, Sovetskaya St., 392000 Tambov, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia E.","family":"Memetova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology and Methods of Nanoproducts Manufacturing, Tambov State Technical University, 106\/5, Building 2, Sovetskaya St., 392000 Tambov, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oksana A.","family":"Ananyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology and Methods of Nanoproducts Manufacturing, Tambov State Technical University, 106\/5, Building 2, Sovetskaya St., 392000 Tambov, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulnara N.","family":"Shigabaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic and Ecological Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tyumen, 6 Volodarskogo St., 625003 Tyumen, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeny V.","family":"Galunin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic and Ecological Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tyumen, 6 Volodarskogo St., 625003 Tyumen, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2019.103124","article-title":"Mesoporous composite material for efficient lead(II) detection and removal from aqueous media","volume":"7","author":"Awual","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"204","article-title":"Synthesis of lignin-poly(N-methylaniline)-reduced graphene oxide hydrogel for organic dye and lead ions removal","volume":"5","author":"Qian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biores Bioprod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.110","article-title":"Ninhydrin-functionalized chitosan for selective removal of Pb(II) ions: Characterization and adsorption performance","volume":"177","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.11.006","article-title":"Surface ion imprinting-mediated carbon nanofiber-grafted highly porous polymeric beads: Synthesis and application towards selective removal of aqueous Pb(II)","volume":"313","author":"Mishra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.104886","article-title":"Carbon-based aerogels and xerogels: Synthesis, properties, oil sorption capacities, and DFT simulations","volume":"9","author":"Torres","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2005.04.031","article-title":"Carbon aerogels, cryogels and xerogels: Influence of the drying method on the textural properties of porous carbon materials","volume":"43","author":"Job","year":"2005","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2016.213","article-title":"Removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions by graphene oxide aerogels","volume":"74","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111422","article-title":"Graphene oxide biopolymer aerogels for the removal of lead from drinking water using a novel nano-enhanced ion exchange cascade","volume":"208","author":"Bloor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5025","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05025","article-title":"Strengthening of graphene aerogels with tunable density and high adsorption capacity towards Pb2+","volume":"4","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.7569\/JRM.2016.634134","article-title":"Graphene-based 3D xerogel as adsorbent for removal of heavy metal ions from industrial wastewater","volume":"5","author":"Purnendu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Renew. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b18606","article-title":"Ultralight, superplastic, and fatigue-resistant graphene aerogel templated by graphene oxide liquid crystal stabilized air bubbles","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajjaoui, H., Soufi, A., Boumya, W., Abdennouri, M., and Barka, N. (2021). Polyaniline\/nanomaterial composites for the removal of heavy metals by adsorption: A Review. J. Compos. Sci., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs5090233"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.129201","article-title":"Significance of conducting polyaniline based composites for the removal of dyes and heavy metals from aqueous solution and wastewaters\u2014A review","volume":"267","author":"Senguttuvan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2019.115901","article-title":"A review on polyaniline-based materials applications in heavy metals removal and catalytic processes","volume":"231","author":"Eskandari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2019.04.001","article-title":"Recent progress in controlled carbonization of (waste) polymers","volume":"94","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2013.06.004","article-title":"Recent advances in polyaniline research: Polymerization mechanisms, structural aspects, properties and applications","volume":"177","year":"2013","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.01.063","article-title":"Application of polyaniline and multiwalled carbon nanotube magnetic composites for removal of Pb(II)","volume":"185\u2013186","author":"Shao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1021\/sc500030v","article-title":"Facile Preparation of lignosulfonate\u2013graphene oxide\u2013polyaniline ternary nanocomposite as an effective adsorbent for Pb(II) Ions","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1515\/pac-2014-1117","article-title":"Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC Technical Report)","volume":"87","author":"Thommes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2012.07.102","article-title":"Nanostructured crosslinked polyaniline with high surface area: Synthesis, characterization and adsorption for organic dye","volume":"20","author":"Ayad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"58","article-title":"Scandium adsorption from sulfuric-chloride solutions by PANI\/CNTs nanocomposite","volume":"16","author":"Aung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2004.04.011","article-title":"FTIR spectroscopic and conductivity study of the thermal degradation of polyaniline films","volume":"86","author":"Trchova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Polym. Degr. Stab."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1007\/s13738-018-1357-4","article-title":"Polyaniline\/graphene oxide nanocomposite as a sorbent for extraction and determination of nicotine using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography\u2013flame ionization detector","volume":"15","author":"Salimikia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Iran. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2021.101187","article-title":"Asparagine functionalized MWCNTs for adsorptive removal of hazardous cationic dyes: Exploring kinetics, isotherm and mechanism","volume":"25","author":"Saxena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2013.03.086","article-title":"Molecular interactions between organic compounds and functionally modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes","volume":"225","author":"Kragulj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.24114","article-title":"Preparation of PANI grafted at the edge of graphene oxide sheets and its adsorption of Pb(II) and methylene blue","volume":"39","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-019-08053-7","article-title":"Kinetics and thermodynamic analysis of maize cob pyrolysis for its bioenergy potential using thermogravimetric analyzer","volume":"137","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2013.03.001","article-title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties of bulk carbon nanotubes compacted by spark plasma sintering","volume":"573","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2008.06.022","article-title":"Sorption of Pb(II) on Na-rectorite: Effects of pH, ionic strength, temperature, soil humic acid and fulvic acid","volume":"328","author":"Tan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Phys. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.10.059","article-title":"Removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution by oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes","volume":"154","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.12.102","article-title":"Fabrication of an efficient system for Zn ions removal from industrial wastewater based on graphene oxide nanosheets decorated with highly crystalline polyaniline nanofibers (GO-PANI): Experimental and ab initio quantum mechanics approaches","volume":"337","author":"Ramezanzadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"About the theory of so-called adsorption of soluble substances","volume":"24","author":"Lagergren","year":"1898","journal-title":"Sven. Vetenskapsakad. Handingarl."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(98)00207-3","article-title":"The sorption of lead (II) ions on peat","volume":"33","author":"Ho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(1967). McLintock, I The Elovich equation in chemisorption kinetics. Nature, 216, 1204.","DOI":"10.1038\/2161204a0"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1061\/JSEDAI.0000467","article-title":"Intraparticle diffusion during the sorption of surfactants onto activated carbon","volume":"89","author":"Weber","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Sanit. Eng. Div."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2836","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01203a066","article-title":"The exchange adsorption of ions from aqueous solutions by organic zeolites, II: Kinetics","volume":"69","author":"Boyd","year":"1947","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-7757(96)03685-0","article-title":"Relation between adsorption potential distribution and pore volume distribution for microporous carbons","volume":"118","author":"Jaroniec","year":"1996","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Phys. Chim. Eng. Aspec."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.105402","article-title":"Removing low levels of Cd(II) and Pb(II) by adsorption on two types of oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes","volume":"9","author":"Solic","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119049","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of lanthanum-based metal organic framework decorated polyaniline for effective adsorption of lead ions from aqueous solutions","volume":"303","author":"Govarthanan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.127910","article-title":"Zero valent nickel nanoparticles decorated polyaniline nanotubes for the efficient removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution: Synthesis, characterization and mechanism investigation","volume":"417","author":"Bhaumika","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2022.104917","article-title":"Compressible metal-organic framework-nanofibrous reinforced chitosan aerogel for efficient removal of Pb(II) ions","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2021.106151","article-title":"Efficient adsorption of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Ni(II) from waste water by PANI@APTS-magnetic attapulgite composites","volume":"209","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2021.117354","article-title":"A new strategy for efficient removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) by porous and high-capacity N-doped carbon aerogels microspheres","volume":"341","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127560","article-title":"Process optimization and modeling of Pb(II) ions adsorption on chitosan-conjugated magnetite nano-biocomposite using response surface methodology","volume":"260","author":"Cheraghipour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2019.124139","article-title":"Preparation of thermo-sensitive surface ion-imprinted polymers based on multi-walled carbon nanotube composites for selective adsorption of lead(II) ion","volume":"585","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Coll. Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Aspects."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2021.101296","article-title":"Efficient removal of Pb(II) and Hg(II) ions from aqueous solution by amine and thiol modified activated carbon","volume":"25","author":"Waly","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2021.102991","article-title":"Oak wood ash\/GO\/Fe3O4 adsorption efficiencies for cadmium and lead removal from aqueous solution. Kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamic evaluation","volume":"14","author":"Pelalak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/5\/1101\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:39:35Z","timestamp":1760121575000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/5\/1101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["polym15051101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15051101","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]}}}