{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:04:56Z","timestamp":1790651096049,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,26]],"date-time":"2023-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009550","name":"Special Research Fund (BOF) of Hasselt University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BOF20DOC06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BOF20DOC06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biobased and biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are currently gaining momentum. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) polymer has a useful processing window for extrusion and injection molding of packaging, agricultural and fishery applications with required flexibility. Processing PHBHHx into fibers using electrospinning or centrifugal fiber spinning (CFS) can further broaden the application area, although CFS remains rather unexplored. In this study, PHBHHx fibers are centrifugally spun from 4\u201312 wt.% polymer\/chloroform solutions. Beads and beads-on-a-string (BOAS) fibrous structures with an average diameter (\u03d5av) between 0.5 and 1.6 \u00b5m form at 4\u20138 wt.% polymer concentrations, while more continuous fibers (\u03d5av = 3.6\u20134.6 \u00b5m) with few beads form at 10\u201312 wt.% polymer concentrations. This change is correlated with increased solution viscosity and enhanced mechanical properties of the fiber mats (strength, stiffness and elongation values range between 1.2\u20139.4 MPa, 11\u201393 MPa, and 102\u2013188%, respectively), though the crystallinity degree of the fibers remains constant (33.0\u201334.3%). In addition, PHBHHx fibers are shown to anneal at 160 \u00b0C in a hot press into 10\u201320 \u00b5m compact top-layers on PHBHHx film substrates. We conclude that CFS is a promising novel processing technique for the production of PHBHHx fibers with tunable morphology and properties. Subsequent thermal post-processing as a barrier or active substrate top-layer offers new application potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15051181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T01:59:10Z","timestamp":1677463150000},"page":"1181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Fabrication of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) Fibers Using Centrifugal Fiber Spinning: Structure, Properties and Application Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9098-348X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Vanheusden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials and Packaging Research & Services, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 27, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Vanminsel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials and Packaging Research & Services, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 27, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0163-485X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naveen","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials and Packaging Research & Services, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 27, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2180-7925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pieter","family":"Samyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SIRRIS, Department Circular Economy and Renewable Materials, Gaston Geenslaan 8, 3001 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4487-3885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"D\u2019Haen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Analytical & Microscopical Services, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7515-802X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roos","family":"Peeters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials and Packaging Research & Services, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 27, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2264-2536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anitha","family":"Ethirajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano-Biophysics and Soft Matter Interfaces (NSI) Group, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4249-0779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mieke","family":"Buntinx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials and Packaging Research & Services, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 27, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Bioplastics (2022). Bioplastics Market Development Update 2022, European Bioplastics."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"188","article-title":"A Review: Investigation of Bioplastics","volume":"9","author":"Arikan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Civ. Eng. Archit."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117749","DOI":"10.1080\/23311932.2015.1117749","article-title":"Bioplastics and Food Packaging: A Review","volume":"1","author":"Jabeen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cogent Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.26480\/itechmag.01.2019.03.08","article-title":"Current Development On Bioplastics And Its Future Prospects: An Introductory Review","volume":"1","author":"Sidek","year":"2019","journal-title":"INWASCON Technol. Mag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-021-01334-4","article-title":"Innovations in Applications and Prospects of Bioplastics and Biopolymers: A Review","volume":"20","author":"Nanda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e07918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e07918","article-title":"Environmental Impact of Bioplastic Use: A Review","volume":"7","author":"Atiwesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.04.069","article-title":"Microbial Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) and Its Copolymers: A Review of Recent Advancements","volume":"89","author":"Anjum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Ragaert, P., Buntinx, M., Maes, C., Vanheusden, C., Peeters, R., Wang, S., D\u2019hooge, D.R., and Cardon, L. (2019). Reference Module in Food Science, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111237","article-title":"Bioplastics: A Boon or Bane?","volume":"147","author":"Nandakumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2022.111044","article-title":"Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBH): Synthesis, Properties, and Applications\u2014A Review","volume":"167","author":"Eraslan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanheusden, C., Samyn, P., Goderis, B., Hamid, M., Reddy, N., Ethirajan, A., Peeters, R., and Buntinx, M. (2021). Extrusion and Injection Molding of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx): Influence of Processing Conditions on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13224012"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.3144\/expresspolymlett.2014.82","article-title":"Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA): Review of Synthesis, Characteristics, Processing and Potential Applications in Packaging","volume":"8","author":"Bugnicourt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Express Polym. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17151","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA02390J","article-title":"Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) and Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), Green Alternatives to Petroleum-Based Plastics: A Review","volume":"11","author":"Naser","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45673","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c12410","article-title":"Advances in Functional Polymer Nanofibers: From Spinning Fabrication Techniques to Recent Biomedical Applications","volume":"12","author":"Correa","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c05352","article-title":"Electrospun Nanofibers: Current Progress and Applications in Food Systems","volume":"70","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2010.01.004","article-title":"Electrospinning: A Fascinating Fiber Fabrication Technique","volume":"28","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2019.01.002","article-title":"Electrospun Polymer Biomaterials","volume":"90","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.068","article-title":"Polyhydroxyalkanoates as Biomaterial for Electrospun Scaffolds","volume":"124","author":"Sanhueza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8593","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-016-0119-x","article-title":"Electrospinning and Electrospraying Techniques for Designing Novel Antibacterial Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate)\/Zinc Oxide Nanofibrous Composites","volume":"51","author":"Morales","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13179","DOI":"10.1021\/jp905820h","article-title":"Effect of Molecular Orientation on Mechanical Property of Single Electrospun Fiber of Poly[(R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-(R)-3-Hydroxyvalerate]","volume":"113","author":"Chan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1163\/092050610X540675","article-title":"Electrospun Poly(Hydroxybutyrate-Co-Hydroxyvalerate) Fibrous Membranes Consisting of Parallel-Aligned Fibers or Cross-Aligned Fibers: Characterization and Biological Evaluation","volume":"22","author":"Tong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2008.01.029","article-title":"Superhydrophobicity of PHBV Fibrous Surface with Bead-on-String Structure","volume":"320","author":"Yoon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5339","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.1c00757","article-title":"Development and Advantages of Biodegradable PHA Polymers Based on Electrospun PHBV Fibers for Tissue Engineering and Other Biomedical Applications","volume":"7","author":"Kaniuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2007.11.049","article-title":"Processing and Characterization of Electrospun Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyhexanoate) Nanofibrous Membranes","volume":"49","author":"Cheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2009.C053","article-title":"Fabrication of Biodegradable Nanofibers of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyhexanoate) via Electrospinning","volume":"9","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotech."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.09.089","article-title":"The Differential Effects of Aligned Electrospun PHBHHx Fibers on Adipogenic and Osteogenic Potential of MSCs through the Regulation of PPAR\u03b3 Signaling","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431X20143930","article-title":"Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyhexanoate)-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering","volume":"47","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1080\/09205063.2013.862400","article-title":"Electrospinning of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Fibrous Scaffolds: Effects on Electrospinning Parameters on Structure and Properties","volume":"25","author":"Volova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6197","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.5b00638","article-title":"Discovery of \u0392-Form Crystal Structure in Electrospun Poly[(R)-3hydroxybutyrate-Co-(R)-3-Hydroxyhexanoate] (PHBHx) Nanofibers: From Fiber Mats to Single Fibers","volume":"48","author":"Gong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-016-0921-1","article-title":"Anti-Biofilm Activity of Solvent-Cast and Electrospun Polyhydroxyalkanoate Membranes Treated with Lysozyme","volume":"26","author":"Kehail","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c16905","article-title":"Multifunctional Electrospinning Polyhydroxyalkanoate Fibrous Scaffolds with Antibacterial and Angiogenesis Effects for Accelerating Wound Healing","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.20915","article-title":"Electrospun Fiber Mats of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate), Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyvalerate), and Their Blends","volume":"44","author":"Sombatmankhong","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12536","article-title":"Electrospinning of Nanofibers: Potentials and Perspectives for Active Food Packaging","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2017.1355115","article-title":"Post-Processing Optimization of Electrospun Submicron Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) Fibers to Obtain Continuous Films of Interest in Food Packaging Applications","volume":"34","author":"Cherpinski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6110","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.0c00698","article-title":"Valorization of Municipal Biowaste into Electrospun Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) Biopapers for Food Packaging Applications","volume":"3","author":"Lorini","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melendez-Rodriguez, B., Figueroa-Lopez, K.J., Bernardos, A., Mart\u00ednez-M\u00e1\u00f1ez, R., Cabedo, L., Torres-Giner, S., and Lagaron, J.M. (2019). Electrospun Antimicrobial Films of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) Containing Eugenol Essential Oil Encapsulated in Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9020227"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2018.00038","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Electrospun Food Biopackaging Films of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) Derived From Fruit Pulp Biowaste","volume":"2","author":"Reis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Sustain. Food Syst."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2016.09.080","article-title":"Self-Reinforced Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanocomposites of High Toughness","volume":"103","author":"Somord","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45501","DOI":"10.1002\/app.45501","article-title":"Multilayer Structures Based on Annealed Electrospun Biopolymer Coatings of Interest in Water and Aroma Barrier Fiber-based Food Packaging Applications","volume":"135","author":"Cherpinski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-018-1648-z","article-title":"Improving the Water Resistance of Nanocellulose-Based Films with Polyhydroxyalkanoates Processed by the Electrospinning Coating Technique","volume":"25","author":"Cherpinski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Duan, G., Zhang, G., Yang, H., He, S., and Jiang, S. (2020). Electrospun Functional Materials toward Food Packaging Applications: A Review. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10010150"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2019.107074","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Electrospun Nanofibers: Food and Packaging Perspective","volume":"175","author":"Rajini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. B. Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1080\/15583724.2014.935858","article-title":"Centrifugal Spinning: An Alternative Approach to Fabricate Nanofibers at High Speed and Low Cost","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15583724.2021.1901115","article-title":"A Review on Centrifugally Spun Fibers and Their Applications","volume":"62","author":"Yanilmaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2013.09.017","article-title":"Parameter Study and Characterization for Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers Fabricated via Centrifugal Spinning Process","volume":"49","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2003.11.012","article-title":"Centrifugally Spun Polyhydroxybutyrate Fibres: Accelerated Hydrolytic Degradation Studies","volume":"87","author":"Foster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1163\/156856201750180843","article-title":"Centrifugally-Spun Polyhydroxybutyrate Fibres: Effect of Process Solvent on Structure, Morphology and Cell Response","volume":"12","author":"Foster","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.03.101","article-title":"Centrifugally Spun PHBV Micro and Nanofibres","volume":"76","author":"Upson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merchiers, J., Meurs, W., Deferme, W., Peeters, R., Buntinx, M., and Reddy, N.K. (2020). Influence of Polymer Concentration and Nozzle Material on Centrifugal Fiber Spinning. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12030575"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11061","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.1c01799","article-title":"Evaporation and Rheology Chart the Processability Map for Centrifugal Force Spinning","volume":"54","author":"Merchiers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.macromol.1c02164","article-title":"Extensibility-Enriched Spinnability and Enhanced Sorption and Strength of Centrifugally Spun Polystyrene Fiber Mats","volume":"55","author":"Merchiers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.1c01865","article-title":"Fiber Engineering Trifecta of Spinnability, Morphology, and Properties: Centrifugally Spun versus Electrospun Fibers","volume":"4","author":"Merchiers","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Schruers, L., Merchiers, J., Nayak, S., Vanheusden, C., Buntinx, M., Reddy, N., and Ethirajan, A. (2021). Hybrid Nanofibers-Nanoparticles Matrix for Tissue Engineering Applications. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Biomedical Science]."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osswald, T., and Rudolph, N. (2014). Polymer Rheology, Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG.","DOI":"10.3139\/9781569905234.fm"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Macosko, C.W. (1994). Rheology: Principles, Measurements, and Applications, Wiley-VCH."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2023, January 13). Viscosity of Chloroform\u2014Viscosity Table: Measurement Data 25 \u00b0C. Available online: https:\/\/wiki.anton-paar.com\/en\/chloroform\/."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rastogi, V., and Samyn, P. (2016). Synthesis of Polyhydroxybutyrate Particles with Micro-to-Nanosized Structures and Application as Protective Coating for Packaging Papers. Nanomaterials, 7.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201611.0038.v1"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1002\/app.28278","article-title":"Influence of Cooling Rate on the Thermal Behavior and Solid-State Morphologies of Polyhydroxyalkanoates","volume":"109","author":"Xie","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-014-0688-1","article-title":"Gas Permeability Properties of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyhexanoate)","volume":"22","author":"Vandewijngaarden","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100183","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.202100183","article-title":"How Nanofibers Carry the Load: Toward a Universal and Reliable Approach for Tensile Testing of Polymeric Nanofibrous Membranes","volume":"306","author":"Maccaferri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13369","DOI":"10.1021\/la5023104","article-title":"Effect of Solvent Evaporation on Fiber Morphology in Rotary Jet Spinning","volume":"30","author":"Golecki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JMSC.0000025826.36080.cf","article-title":"Nano-Sized Beads and Porous Fiber Constructs of Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) Produced by Electrospinning","volume":"39","author":"Hsu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.20210424","article-title":"Centrifugally Spun Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Fibers Rival the Properties of Electrospun Fibers","volume":"59","author":"Merchiers","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1080\/00405000.2013.842680","article-title":"Centrifugal Force Spinning of PA6 Nanofibers\u2014Processability and Morphology of Solution-Spun Fibers","volume":"105","author":"Hammami","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Text. Inst."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1002\/app.33302","article-title":"An Investigation into the Influence of Electrospinning Parameters on the Diameter and Alignment of Poly(Hydroxybutyrate-Co-Hydroxyvalerate) Fibers","volume":"120","author":"Tong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vo, P., Doan, H., Kinashi, K., Sakai, W., Tsutsumi, N., and Huynh, D. (2018). Centrifugally Spun Recycled PET: Processing and Characterization. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10060680"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1039\/c3nr33423f","article-title":"Large-Scale and Highly Efficient Synthesis of Micro- and Nano-Fibers with Controlled Fiber Morphology by Centrifugal Jet Spinning for Tissue Regeneration","volume":"5","author":"Ren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(03)00178-7","article-title":"A Review on Polymer Nanofibers by Electrospinning and Their Applications in Nanocomposites","volume":"63","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reactfunctpolym.2012.08.018","article-title":"Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers: The Booming Cutting Edge Technology","volume":"72","author":"Raghavan","year":"2012","journal-title":"React. Funct. Polym."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2020.106647","article-title":"A Review on Electrospun Polymeric Nanofibers: Production Parameters and Potential Applications","volume":"90","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, B.S., and Moghe, A.K. (2013). Biotextiles As Medical Implants, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857095602.1.113"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2005.03.011","article-title":"Role of Chain Entanglements on Fiber Formation during Electrospinning of Polymer Solutions: Good Solvent, Non-Specific Polymer\u2013Polymer Interaction Limit","volume":"46","author":"Shenoy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1021\/nl101355x","article-title":"Nanofiber Assembly by Rotary Jet-Spinning","volume":"10","author":"Badrossamay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"103","article-title":"The Influence of Electrospinning Parameters and Drug Loading on Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Nanofibers for Drug Delivery","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biotech. Well. Indus."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1134\/S1990793116050213","article-title":"Electrospinning of Biodegradable Poly-3-Hydroxybutyrate. Effect of the Characteristics of the Polymer Solution","volume":"10","author":"Staroverova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Russ. J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.066","article-title":"Bacterial Polyhydroxybutyrate for Electrospun Fiber Production","volume":"106","author":"Acevedo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2004.06.001","article-title":"Effect of Organosoluble Salts on the Nanofibrous Structure of Electrospun Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyvalerate)","volume":"34","author":"Choi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1080\/00222348.2010.541008","article-title":"Electrospinning of Poly(Hydroxybutyrate-Co-Hydroxyvalerate) Fibrous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications: Effects of Electrospinning Parameters and Solution Properties","volume":"50","author":"Tong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci. Phys."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2007.06.016","article-title":"Multiple Melting Behavior of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3- Hydroxyhexanoate) Investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"48","author":"Hu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1002\/app.28240","article-title":"Effects of L-Phenylalanine as a Nucleation Agent on the Nonisothermal Crystallization, Melting Behavior, and Mechanical Properties of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyhexanoate)","volume":"110","author":"Luo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1002\/app.11023","article-title":"Effect of Nucleating Agents on the Crystallization of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyvalerate)","volume":"86","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/00222340701746127","article-title":"Effect of Initial Polymer Concentration on the Crystallization of Poly (Vinylidene Fluoride)\/Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) Blend from Solution Casting","volume":"47","author":"Ma","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Macromol. Sci. Phys."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2010.10.030","article-title":"Different Thermal Behaviors of Microbial Polyesters Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyvalerate-Co-3-Hydroxyhexanoate) and Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyhexanoate)","volume":"51","author":"Ye","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-010-1135-8","article-title":"DSC Analysis of Isothermally Melt-Crystallized Bacterial Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyhexanoate) Films","volume":"103","author":"Ding","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2010.01.010","article-title":"Electrospinning of Polymer Nanofibers: Effects on Oriented Morphology, Structures and Tensile Properties","volume":"70","author":"Baji","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2008.07.033","article-title":"Scaling Laws and Internal Structure for Characterizing Electrospun Poly[(R)-3-Hydroxybutyrate] Fibers","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.23704","article-title":"Influence of Electrospinning Parameters on Poly(Hydroxybutyrate) Electrospun Membranes Fiber Size and Distribution","volume":"54","author":"Correia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-5373-MR-2015-0280","article-title":"What Changes in Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) When Processed as Electrospun Nanofibers or Thermo-Compression Molded Film?","volume":"19","author":"Mottin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mat. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705359","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/705359","article-title":"Electrospun Fibres of Polyhydroxybutyrate Synthesized by Ralstonia Eutropha from Different Carbon Sources","volume":"2014","author":"Irorere","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2010.11.012","article-title":"Assessment of Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone)\/Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) Blends Processed by Solvent Casting and Electrospinning","volume":"528","author":"Ercolani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/00914037.2018.1466136","article-title":"Enabling Electrospinning of Medium-Chain Length Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by Blending with Short-Chain Length PHAs","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.3390\/polym4031331","article-title":"Tailoring Crystallinity of Electrospun Plla Fibres by Control of Electrospinning Parameters","volume":"4","author":"Jenkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2016.04.025","article-title":"Effect of Polymer Concentration on the Morphology and Mechanical Characteristics of Electrospun Cellulose Acetate and Poly (Vinyl Chloride) Nanofiber Mats","volume":"55","author":"Tarus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alex. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2004.04.005","article-title":"Electrospinning and Mechanical Characterization of Gelatin Nanofibers","volume":"45","author":"Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2006.02.002","article-title":"Electrospinning of Nylon-6,66,1010 Terpolymer","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1163\/156856205774576655","article-title":"In Vitro and in Vivo Degradation of Non-Woven Materials Made of Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone) Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning under Different Conditions","volume":"16","author":"Acatay","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.21380","article-title":"Solvent and Concentration Effects on the Properties of Electrospun Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Nanofiber Mats","volume":"46","author":"Veleirinho","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-020-02373-1","article-title":"Effect of Coating on the Mechanical Properties of Electrospun Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) Materials with Targeted Fibers Alignment","volume":"28","author":"Borisova","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-015-5108-1","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Electrospun Antimicrobial Fibrous Membranes Based on Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)","volume":"16","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2013.12.007","article-title":"PHB-PEO Electrospun Fiber Membranes Containing Chlorhexidine for Drug Delivery Applications","volume":"34","author":"Fernandes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2006.02.005","article-title":"Fabrication and Characterization of Six Electrospun Poly(\u03b1-Hydroxy Ester)-Based Fibrous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100153","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.202100153","article-title":"Mechanical Properties of Electrospun Fibers\u2014A Critical Review","volume":"23","author":"Rashid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mat."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1002\/app.21986","article-title":"Thermal Degradation Kinetics of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyhexanoate)","volume":"98","author":"Daly","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro-Mayorga, J., Fabra, M., Cabedo, L., and Lagaron, J. (2016). On the Use of the Electrospinning Coating Technique to Produce Antimicrobial Polyhydroxyalkanoate Materials Containing In Situ-Stabilized Silver Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano7010004"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45673","DOI":"10.1002\/app.45673","article-title":"Antimicrobial Nanocomposites and Electrospun Coatings Based on Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) and Copper Oxide Nanoparticles for Active Packaging and Coating Applications","volume":"135","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2016.10.007","article-title":"The Impact of Zinc Oxide Particle Morphology as an Antimicrobial and When Incorporated in Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) Films for Food Packaging and Food Contact Surfaces Applications","volume":"101","author":"Fabra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/5\/1181\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:43:11Z","timestamp":1760121791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/5\/1181"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,26]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["polym15051181"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15051181","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,26]]}}}