{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T02:38:43Z","timestamp":1780540723536,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Grant Scheme","award":["FRGS 2018-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS 2018-1"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Grant Scheme","award":["FRGS\/1\/2018\/WAB07\/UPM\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2018\/WAB07\/UPM\/1"]}]},{"name":"Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education and the Nextgreen Global Berhad","award":["FRGS 2018-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS 2018-1"]}]},{"name":"Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education and the Nextgreen Global Berhad","award":["FRGS\/1\/2018\/WAB07\/UPM\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2018\/WAB07\/UPM\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lignin is a natural biopolymer with a complex three-dimensional network and it is rich in phenol, making it a good candidate for the production of bio-based polyphenol material. This study attempts to characterize the properties of green phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins produced through phenol substitution by the phenolated lignin (PL) and bio-oil (BO), extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunch black liquor. Mixtures of PF with varied substitution rates of PL and BO were prepared by heating a mixture of phenol\u2013phenol substitute with 30 wt.% NaOH and 80% formaldehyde solution at 94 \u00b0C for 15 min. After that, the temperature was reduced to 80 \u00b0C before the remaining 20% formaldehyde solution was added. The reaction was carried out by heating the mixture to 94 \u00b0C once more, holding it for 25 min, and then rapidly lowering the temperature to 60 \u00b0C, to produce the PL\u2212PF or BO\u2212PF resins. The modified resins were then tested for pH, viscosity, solid content, FTIR, and TGA. Results revealed that the substitution of 5% PL into PF resins is enough to improve its physical properties. The PL\u2212PF resin production process was also deemed environmentally beneficial, as it met 7 of the 8 Green Chemistry Principle evaluation criteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15051258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,2]],"date-time":"2023-03-02T01:39:21Z","timestamp":1677721161000},"page":"1258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Green Phenolic Resins from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Phenolated Lignin and Bio-Oil as Phenol Substitutes for Bonding Plywood"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kah Yen","family":"Lim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Research and Development Department, Nextgreen Pulp & Paper Sdn Bhd, Taman Tun Dr Ismail, Kuala Lumpur 60000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tengku Arisyah Tengku","family":"Yasim-Anuar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Nextgreen Pulp & Paper Sdn Bhd, Taman Tun Dr Ismail, Kuala Lumpur 60000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3322-9592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nur Sharmila","family":"Sharip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Nextgreen Pulp & Paper Sdn Bhd, Taman Tun Dr Ismail, Kuala Lumpur 60000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhana Aziz","family":"Ujang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Nextgreen Pulp & Paper Sdn Bhd, Taman Tun Dr Ismail, Kuala Lumpur 60000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazwani","family":"Husin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, Nextgreen Pulp & Paper Sdn Bhd, Taman Tun Dr Ismail, Kuala Lumpur 60000, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9381-6767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hidayah","family":"Ariffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2961-6031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paridah","family":"Md Tahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department Forest Production, Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology (SUST), Wei Yang District, Xi\u2019an 710021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6369-9902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seng Hua","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wood Industry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pahang Branch Campus Jengka, Bandar Tun Razak 26400, Pahang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5241-3443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohd Termizi","family":"Yusof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galdino, D.S., Kondo, M.Y., De Araujo, V.A., Ferrufino, G.L.A.A., Faustino, E., Santos, H.F.D., Christoforo, A.L., Luna, C.M.R., and Campos, C.I.D. 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