{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T12:17:44Z","timestamp":1790770664312,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long term function of implantable biomaterials are determined by their integration with the host\u2019s body. Immune reactions against these implants could impair the function and integration of the implants. Some biomaterial-based implants lead to macrophage fusion and the formation of multinucleated giant cells, also known as foreign body giant cells (FBGCs). FBGCs may compromise the biomaterial performance and may lead to implant rejection and adverse events in some cases. Despite their critical role in response to implants, there is a limited understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in forming FBGCs. Here, we focused on better understanding the steps and mechanisms triggering macrophage fusion and FBGCs formation, specifically in response to biomaterials. These steps included macrophage adhesion to the biomaterial surface, fusion competency, mechanosensing and mechanotransduction-mediated migration, and the final fusion. We also described some of the key biomarkers and biomolecules involved in these steps. Understanding these steps on a molecular level would lead to enhance biomaterials design and improve their function in the context of cell transplantation, tissue engineering, and drug delivery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15051313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T03:22:05Z","timestamp":1678072925000},"page":"1313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Mechanisms of Foreign Body Giant Cell Formation in Response to Implantable Biomaterials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Farshid","family":"Eslami-Kaliji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan 8159358686, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niloufar","family":"Hedayat Nia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan R. T.","family":"Lakey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9714-1779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra M.","family":"Smink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9701 Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9370-3228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammadreza","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dale E. and Sarah Ann Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901874","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201901874","article-title":"Controlled release of stem cell secretome attenuates inflammatory response against implanted biomaterials","volume":"9","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. 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