{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T23:56:19Z","timestamp":1790207779428,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"faculty research grant of Yonsei University College of Medicine","award":["6-2021-0119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6-2021-0119"]}]},{"name":"a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)","award":["RS-2023-00208440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00208440"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although hyaluronic acid (HA) filler injections are associated with various non-vascular inflammatory complications, the underlying mode of action remains unclear. The hyaluronic acid filler may not be sufficiently pure, leading to an immune response. The present study attempted to identify any impurities in hyaluronic acid fillers available on the market. Particles were counted after degrading hyaluronic acid filler with hyaluronidase. Particulate matter was subsequently observed using scanning electron microscopy, and the particle components were evaluated using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Different quantities of impurity particles (&gt;10 and 25 \u03bcm) were detected microscopically. Silicon and aluminum isotopes were also detected. Hyaluronic acid fillers were contaminated with these particles. The degree of contamination varied substantially among the tested filler products. These contaminant particles may evoke reactions in the patient\u2019s body. Clinicians should be aware of this source of possible contamination and its effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15071649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T02:18:27Z","timestamp":1679883507000},"page":"1649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Determination of Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler Impurities Using SEM\/EDS Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7411-0198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yonsei E1 Plastic Surgery Clinic, Anyang 14072, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0341-3460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nark-Kyoung","family":"Rho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Leaders Aesthetic Laser & Cosmetic Surgery Center, Seoul 06014, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0105-433X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun-Jung","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03721, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020). 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