{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T13:20:46Z","timestamp":1780492846740,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]],"date-time":"2023-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52163013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52163013"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["YNQR-CYRC-2018-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YNQR-CYRC-2018-012"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Province \u201cThousand Talents Program\u201d","award":["52163013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52163013"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Province \u201cThousand Talents Program\u201d","award":["YNQR-CYRC-2018-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YNQR-CYRC-2018-012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the increasing environmental pollution caused by disposable masks, it is crucial to develop new degradable filtration materials for medical masks. ZnO-PLLA\/PLLA (L-lactide) copolymers prepared from nano ZnO and L-lactide were used to prepare fiber films for air filtration by electrospinning technology. Structural characterization of ZnO-PLLA by H-NMR, XPS, and XRD demonstrated that ZnO was successfully grafted onto PLLA. An L9(43) standard orthogonal array was employed to evaluate the effects of the ZnO-PLLA concentration, ZnO-PLLA\/PLLA content, DCM(dichloromethane) to DMF(N,N-dimethylformamide) ratio, and spinning time on the air filtration capacity of ZnO-PLLA\/PLLA nanofiber films. It is noteworthy that the introduction of ZnO is important for the enhancement of the quality factor (QF). The optimal group obtained was sample No. 7, where the QF was 0.1403 Pa\u22121, the particle filtration efficiency (PFE) was 98.3%, the bacteria filtration efficiency (BFE) was 98.42%, and the airflow resistance (\u0394p) was 29.2 Pa. Therefore, the as-prepared ZnO-PLLA\/PLLA film has potential for the development of degradable masks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15081906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T01:34:15Z","timestamp":1681695255000},"page":"1906","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["ZnO-PLLA\/PLLA Preparation and Application in Air Filtration by Electrospinning Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dengbang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6738-4550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuyue","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650550, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingwei","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Green Preparation Technology of Biobased Materials National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.129601","article-title":"The COVID-19 Pandemic Face Mask Waste: A Blooming Threat to the Marine Environment","volume":"272","author":"Dharmaraj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102189","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202102189","article-title":"Masks for COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"102847","article-title":"Release of Microplastics from Disposable Face Mask in Tropical Climate","volume":"61","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2023.105885","article-title":"Property Assessment of an Eco-Friendly Mortar Reinforced with Recycled Mask Fiber Derived from COVID-19 Single-Use Face Masks","volume":"66","author":"Miah","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5711","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-022-04582-x","article-title":"Eco-Friendly Chitosan@silver\/Plant Fiber Membranes for Masks with Thermal Comfortability and Self-Sterilization","volume":"29","author":"Zou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8001","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-022-04792-3","article-title":"Nanocellulose-Based Membrane as a Potential Material for High Performance Biodegradable Aerosol Respirators for SARS-CoV-2 Prevention: A Review","volume":"29","author":"Stanislas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5020","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c08066","article-title":"Earthworms\u2019 Degradable Bioplastic Diet of Polylactic Acid: Easy to Break down and Slow to Excrete","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2023.107434","article-title":"Preparation and Application of Biodegradable and Superhydrophobic Polylactic Acid\/Carnauba Wax Coating","volume":"177","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14362","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b02285","article-title":"Facile Fabrication of Superhydrophobic and Eco-Friendly Poly(Lactic Acid) Foam for Oil\u2013Water Separation via Skin Peeling","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.082","article-title":"Developing a Cerium Lactate Antibacterial Nucleating Agent for Multifunctional Polylactic Acid Packaging Film","volume":"220","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, Y., Bai, J., Zhao, H., Wang, R., and Li, H. (2022). Study on the Extrusion Molding Process of Polylactic Acid Micro Tubes for Biodegradable Vascular Stents. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14224790"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5600","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c18395","article-title":"Degradable MXene-Doped Polylactic Acid Textiles for Wearable Biomonitoring","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2021.08.079","article-title":"Biodegradable and High-Performance Multiscale Structured Nanofiber Membrane as Mask Filter Media via Poly(Lactic Acid) Electrospinning","volume":"606","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.19.001214","article-title":"Silicon Photodiode Absolute Spectral Response Self-Calibration","volume":"19","author":"Zalewski","year":"1980","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8706","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.9b00605","article-title":"A Novel Method for Fabricating an Electrospun Polyvinyl Alcohol\/Cellulose Nanocrystals Composite Nanofibrous Filter with Low Air Resistance for High-Efficiency Filtration of Particulate Matter","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2017.09.101","article-title":"Green Electrospun and Crosslinked Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)\/Poly(Acrylic Acid) Composite Membranes for Antibacterial Effective Air Filtration","volume":"511","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2022.120857","article-title":"Multi-Hierarchical Nanofiber Membrane with Typical Curved-Ribbon Structure Fabricated by Green Electrospinning for Efficient, Breathable and Sustainable Air Filtration","volume":"660","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lyu, C., Zhao, P., Xie, J., Dong, S., Liu, J., Rao, C., and Fu, J. (2021). Electrospinning of Nanofibrous Membrane and Its Applications in Air Filtration: A Review. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11061501"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Duong, H.M., Tran, T.Q., Kopp, R., Myint, S.M., and Peng, L. (2019). Nanotube Superfiber Materials, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2021.102853","article-title":"Bioengineered Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Chemical, Green, Biological Fabrication Methods and Its Potential Biomedical Applications","volume":"66","author":"Dutta","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045408","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevB.79.045408","article-title":"Surface Effects in Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles","volume":"79","author":"Combe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25266","DOI":"10.1021\/jp2094033","article-title":"DNA-Based Toolkit for Directed Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Chains and Understanding the Quantum Size Effects in ZnO Nanocrystals","volume":"115","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12361","DOI":"10.1021\/am403149g","article-title":"Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Performance of Graphene\u2013ZnO Quasi-Shell\u2013Core Composite Material","volume":"5","author":"Bu","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, X., Zhou, X., Dai, Q., and Qin, Z. (2021). Antibacterial, Antioxidation, UV-Blocking, and Biodegradable Soy Protein Isolate Food Packaging Film with Mangosteen Peel Extract and ZnO Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11123337"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202285","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.202285","article-title":"A Superfine Glass Fibre Air Filter with Rapid Response to Photocatalytic Antibacterial Properties under Visible Light by Loading RGO\/ZnO","volume":"8","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.11.066","article-title":"Antimicrobial and Photophysical Properties of Chemically Grafted Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene","volume":"96","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11967","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b02884","article-title":"Electrospun Magnetic Nanoparticle-Decorated Nanofiber Filter and Its Applications to High-Efficiency Air Filtration","volume":"51","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1039\/b809074m","article-title":"Electrospun Nanofibers in Energy and Environmental Applications","volume":"1","author":"Thavasi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4628(19990321)71:12<1941::AID-APP2>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Polymerization of Lactides and Lactones. II. Ring-Opening Polymerization of \u03b5-Caprolactone and DL-Lactide by Organoacid Rare Earth Compounds","volume":"71","author":"Deng","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-3057(99)00172-X","article-title":"Polymerization of Lactides and Lactones VII. Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactide by Rare Earth Phenyl Compounds","volume":"36","author":"Deng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2012.02.131","article-title":"Hydrothermal Preparation of ZnO-Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid with High Performance in Photocatalytic Degradation","volume":"258","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1021\/am200561k","article-title":"Facile Fabrication of Functionalized Graphene Sheets (FGS)\/ZnO Nanocomposites with Photocatalytic Property","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1039\/b9nr00414a","article-title":"Decorating Graphene Oxide with CuO Nanoparticles in a Water\u2013Isopropanol System","volume":"2","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-5910(01)00307-2","article-title":"Electrostatic Forces in Fibrous Filters\u2014A Review","volume":"118","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51582","DOI":"10.1002\/app.51582","article-title":"Electrospun Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibrous Membranes Supported with Montmorillonite for Efficient PM2.5 Filtration and Adsorption of Cu (II) Ions","volume":"139","author":"Bansal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2005.03.011","article-title":"Role of Chain Entanglements on FIber Formation during Electrospinning of Polymer Solutions: Good Solvent, Non-Specific Polymer\u2013Polymer Interaction Limit","volume":"46","author":"Shenoy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polymer."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1383791","article-title":"Electrospinning and Electrically Forced Jets. I. Stability Theory","volume":"13","author":"Hohman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2019.05.033","article-title":"Electrospun Bilayer Nanomembrane with Hierarchical Placement of Bead-on-String and Fibers for Low Resistance Respiratory Air Filtration","volume":"224","author":"Kadam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2022.117357","article-title":"Fabrication and Structure Optimization of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Waste Fiber for High-Performance Air Filtration","volume":"402","author":"Munir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2020.100897","article-title":"3D Structure Design and Simulation for Efficient Particles Capture: The Influence of Nanofiber Diameter and Distribution","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/8\/1906\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:16:41Z","timestamp":1760123801000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/8\/1906"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]}},"alternative-id":["polym15081906"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15081906","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]]}}}