{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:06:21Z","timestamp":1782173181781,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic","award":["APVV-21-0418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-21-0418"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents research results on the properties of composite materials based on cross-linked grafted copolymers of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and their hydrogels filled with finely dispersed metal powders (Zn, Co, Cu). Metal-filled pHEMA-gr-PVP copolymers in the dry state were studied for surface hardness and swelling ability, which was characterized by swelling kinetics curves and water content. Copolymers swollen in water to an equilibrium state were studied for hardness, elasticity, and plasticity. The heat resistance of dry composites was evaluated by the Vicat softening temperature. As a result, materials with a wide range of predetermined properties were obtained, including physico-mechanical properties (surface hardness 240 \u00f7 330 MPa, hardness number 0.06 \u00f7 2.8 MPa, elasticity number 75 \u00f7 90%), electrical properties (specific volume resistance 102 \u00f7 108 \u03a9\u22c5m), thermophysical properties (Vicat heat resistance 87 \u00f7 122 \u00b0C), and sorption (swelling degree 0.7 \u00f7 1.6 g (H2O)\/g (polymer)) at room temperature. Resistance to the destruction of the polymer matrix was confirmed by the results concerning its behavior in aggressive media such as solutions of alkalis and acids (HCl, H2SO4, NaOH), as well as some solvents (ethanol, acetone, benzene, toluene). The obtained composites are characterized by electrical conductivity, which can be adjusted within wide limits depending on the nature and content of the metal filler. The specific electrical resistance of metal-filled pHEMA-gr-PVP copolymers is sensitive to changes in moisture (with a moisture increase from 0 to 50%, \u03c1V decreases from 108 to 102 \u03a9\u22c5m), temperature (with a temperature change from 20 \u00b0C to 175 \u00b0C, \u03c1V of dry samples decreases by 4.5 times), pH medium (within pH from 2 to 9, the range of \u03c1V change is from 2 to 170 k\u03a9\u22c5m), load (with a change in compressive stress from 0 kPa to 140 kPa, \u03c1V of swollen composites decreases by 2\u20134 times), and the presence of low molecular weight substances, which is proven by the example involving ethanol and ammonium hydroxide. The established dependencies of the electrical conductivity of metal-filled pHEMA-gr-PVP copolymers and their hydrogels on various factors, in combination with high strength, elastic properties, sorption capacity, and resistance to aggressive media, suggest the potential for further research as a platform for the manufacture of sensors for various purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15102259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T01:37:09Z","timestamp":1683769029000},"page":"2259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Metal-Filled Polyvinylpyrrolidone Copolymers: Promising Platforms for Creating Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8578-4657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Grytsenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Technology of Plastics Processing, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12, St. Bandera Str., 79013 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6805-3350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludmila","family":"Dulebova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technologies, Materials and Computer Aided Production, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, 74 M\u00e4siarska, 04001 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9377-714X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emil","family":"Spi\u0161\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technologies, Materials and Computer Aided Production, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, 74 M\u00e4siarska, 04001 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petro","family":"Pukach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Mathematics and Fundamental Sciences, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 12, St. Bandera Str., 79013 Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4381","DOI":"10.3390\/s100504381","article-title":"Responsive hydrogels for label-free signal transduction within biosensors","volume":"10","author":"Gawel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres-Mapa, M.L., Singh, M., Simon, O., Mapa, J.L., Machida, M., G\u00fcnther, A., Roth, B., Heinemann, D., Terakawa, M., and Heisterkamp, A. (2019). Fabrication of a monolithic lab-on-a-chip platform with integrated hydrogel waveguides for chemical sensing. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19194333"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, W., Yao, D., and Yang, L. (2020). Soft bimodal sensor array based on conductive hydrogel for driving status monitoring. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20061641"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"206","article-title":"Fast-reacting smart hydrogel-based sensor platform for biomedical applications","volume":"3","author":"Koerner","year":"2018","journal-title":"TechConnect Briefs"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"78","article-title":"Porous polyacrylamide hydrogels: Preparation and properties","volume":"5\u20136","author":"Nosova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vopr. Khimii Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"18","article-title":"High-hydrophilic membranes for dialysis and hemodialysis","volume":"63","author":"Suberlyak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eng. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jafar Mazumder, M., Sheardown, H., and Al-Ahmed, A. (2019). Functional Biopolymers. Polymers and Polymeric Composites: A Reference Series, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-95990-0"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bercea, M. (2022). Bioinspired hydrogels as platforms for life-science applications: Challenges and opportunities. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14122365"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaf3627","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf3627","article-title":"Advances in engineering hydrogels","volume":"356","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Cid, P., Jim\u00e9nez-Rosado, M., Romero, A., and P\u00e9rez-Puyana, V. (2022). Novel trends in hydrogel development for biomedical applications: A Review. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14153023"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rumon, M.M.H., Akib, A.A., Sultana, F., Moniruzzaman, M., Niloy, M.S., Shakil, M.S., and Roy, C.K. (2022). Self-healing hydrogels: Development, biomedical applications, and challenges. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14214539"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.23939\/chcht11.04.449","article-title":"Optical properties of hydrogels filled with dispersed nanoparticles","volume":"11","author":"Samaryk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14976","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NR03785K","article-title":"Nanocomposite hydrogels for tissue engineering applications","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"11","article-title":"Preparation and research of properties of combined alginate\/gelatin hydrogels","volume":"30","author":"Bukartyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.03.052","article-title":"Hydrogels in a historical perspective: From simple networks to smart materials","volume":"190","author":"Buwalda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willersinn, J., and Schmidt, B.V.K.J. (2017). Self-Assembly of double hydrophilic poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-b-poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) block copolymers in aqueous solution. Polymers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9070293"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tudor, A., Florea, L., Gallagher, S., Burns, J., and Diamond, D. (2016). Poly(ionic liquid) semi-interpenetrating network multi-responsive hydrogels. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16020219"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors2020145","article-title":"Piezoresistive chemical sensors based on functionalized hydrogels","volume":"2","author":"Guenther","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosensors"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erfkamp, J., Guenther, M., and Gerlach, G. (2019). Hydrogel-based sensors for ethanol detection in alcoholic beverages. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051199"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.3390\/s7091980","article-title":"Models of hydrogel swelling with applications to hydration sensing","volume":"7","author":"Porter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroh, C., Wuchrer, R., Steinke, N., Guenther, M., Gerlach, G., and H\u00e4rtling, T. (2019). Hydrogel-based plasmonic sensor substrate for the detection of ethanol. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19061264"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juska, V.B., and Pemble, M.E. (2020). A Critical review of electrochemical glucose sensing: Evolution of biosensor platforms based on advanced nanosystems. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216013"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1021\/acsphotonics.5b00004","article-title":"Functionalized hydrogel on plasmonic nanoantennas for noninvasive glucose sensing","volume":"2","author":"Mesch","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Photonics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erfkamp, J., Guenther, M., and Gerlach, G. (2019). Piezoresistive hydrogel-based sensors for the detection of ammonia. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19040971"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, H., Zheng, C., Zhang, L., Liu, Z., Song, F., Li, X., Zhang, Y., and Wang, Y. (2021). A Remote sensor system based on TDLAS technique for ammonia leakage monitoring. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21072448"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1126\/science.218.4571.467","article-title":"Collapse of gels in an electric-field","volume":"218","author":"Tanaka","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/346345a0","article-title":"Phase-transition in polymer gels induced by visible-light","volume":"346","author":"Suzuki","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4628(20000822)77:8<1760::AID-APP13>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Thermoreversible hydrogels X: Synthesis and swelling behavior of the (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropyl sulfonate) copolymeric hydrogels","volume":"77","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900934","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.201900934","article-title":"A Dual-mode wearable sensor based on bacterial cellulose reinforced hydrogels for highly sensitive strain\/pressure sensing","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kelb, C., K\u00f6rner, M., Prucker, O., R\u00fche, J., Reithmeier, E., and Roth, B. (2017). PDMAA hydrogel coated U-bend humidity sensor suited for mass-production. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030517"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchberger, A., Peterka, S., Coclite, A.M., and Bergmann, A. (2019). Fast optical humidity sensor based on hydrogel thin film expansion for harsh environment. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19050999"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3390\/s130100484","article-title":"Disposable fluorescence optical pH sensor for near neutral solutions","volume":"13","author":"Ferrari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.07.018","article-title":"Fast response photonic crystal pH sensor based on templated photo-polymerized hydrogel inverse opal","volume":"150","author":"Shin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tavakoli, J., and Tang, Y. (2017). Hydrogel based sensors for biomedical applications: An updated review. Polymers, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym9080364"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y., Yim, S.-G., Lee, G.W., Kim, S., Kim, H.S., Hwang, D.Y., An, B.-S., Lee, J.H., Seo, S., and Yang, S.Y. (2020). Self-adherent biodegradable gelatin-Based hydrogel electrodes for electrocardiography monitoring. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20205737"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27099","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA11084D","article-title":"A stretchable, conformable, and biocompatible graphene strain sensor based on a structured hydrogel for clinical application","volume":"7","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200165","DOI":"10.1002\/VIW.20200165","article-title":"Hydrogel-based composites: Unlimited platforms for biosensors and diagnostics","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"View"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"40","article-title":"Studying the effect of concentration factors on the process of chemical metallization of powdered polyvinylchloride","volume":"3","author":"Moravskyi","year":"2018","journal-title":"East. Eur. J. Enterp. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicolais, L., and Carotenuto, G. (2005). Metal-Polymer Nanocomposites, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471695432"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moravskyi, V., Dziaman, I., Suberliak, S., Grytsenko, O., and Kuznetsova, M. (2017, January 10\u201315). Features of the production of metal-filled composites by metallization of polymeric raw materials. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference Nanomaterials: Application & Properties (NAP), Zatoka, Ukraine.","DOI":"10.1109\/NAP.2017.8190265"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Droumaguet, B., Poupart, R., Guerrouache, M., Carbonnier, B., and Grande, D. (2022). Metallic nanoparticles adsorbed at the pore surface of polymers with various porous morphologies: Toward hybrid materials meant for heterogeneous supported catalysis. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14214706"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-3057(02)00064-2","article-title":"Electrical and thermal conductivity of polymers filled with metal powders","volume":"38","author":"Mamunya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grytsenko, O., Pukach, P., Suberlyak, O., Shakhovska, N., and Karovi\u010d, V. (2021). Usage of mathematical modeling and optimization in development of hydrogel medical dressings production. Electronics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10050620"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1007\/s12613-020-2173-2","article-title":"Tunable fabrication of single-crystalline CsPbI3 nanobelts and their application as photodetectors","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Miner. Metall Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burkeev, M.Z., Shibayeva, S.R., Khamitova, T.O., Plocek, J., Tazhbayev, Y.M., Davrenbekov, S.Z., Nurmaganbetova, M.T., Kazhmuratova, A.T., Zhumagalieva, T.S., and Kezdikbayeva, A.T. (2021). Synthesis and catalytic properties of new polymeric monometallic composites based on copolymers of polypropylene glycol maleate phthalate with acrylic acid. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13244369"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2014.06.002","article-title":"Electrically conducting silver\/guar gum\/poly(acrylic acid) nanocomposite","volume":"69","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1002\/pi.5170","article-title":"Recent advances in magnetic hydrogels","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grytsenko, O., Dulebova, L., Spi\u0161\u00e1k, E., and Berezhnyy, B. (2022). New Materials Based on Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Containing Copolymers with Ferromagnetic Fillers. Materials, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15155183"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.5937\/tehnika1404563M","article-title":"Antimicrobial hydrogels based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and itaconic acid containing silver(i) ion","volume":"69","author":"Malesic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tehnika"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024066806347","article-title":"Cytotoxicity study of homopolymers and copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and some alkyl acrylates for potential use as temporary skin substitutes","volume":"14","author":"Prasitsilp","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2004.11.034","article-title":"Swelling behaviors, tensile properties and thermodynamic studies of water sorption of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate\/epoxy methacrylate copolymeric hydrogels","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3390\/s30600146","article-title":"An influence of polyHEMA gate layer on properties of ChemFETs","volume":"3","author":"Dawgul","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.23939\/chcht04.03.191","article-title":"Matrix polymerization of 2-Hydroxyethylmethacrylate in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone in permanent magnetic field","volume":"4","author":"Skorokhoda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem. Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.12913\/22998624\/142288","article-title":"The manufacturing of composite materials in the matrix of modified phenol-formaldehyde resins","volume":"15","author":"Krasinskyi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Technol. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haider, S., and Haider, A. (2018). Hydrogels, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.68817"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.23939\/chcht09.04.429","article-title":"The role of FeSO4 in the obtaining of polyvinylpirolidone copolymers","volume":"9","author":"Suberlyak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grytsenko, O., Dulebova, L., Suberlyak, O., Skorokhoda, V., Spi\u0161\u00e1k, E., and Gajdos, I. (2020). Features of structure and properties of pHEMA-gr-PVP block copolymers, obtained in the presence of Fe2+. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13204580"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.32434\/0321-4095-2019-128-1-25-32","article-title":"Optimization of the technological parameters of the graft copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate with polyvinylpyrrolidone for nickel deposition from salts","volume":"1","author":"Grytsenko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Voprosy Khimii Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.23939\/chcht14.03.312","article-title":"Formation features of tubular products on the basis of composite hydrogels","volume":"14","author":"Suberlyak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.23939\/mmc2019.02.258","article-title":"The Scheffe\u2019s method in the study of mathematical model of the polymeric hydrogels composite structures optimization","volume":"6","author":"Grytsenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Math. Model. Comput."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2021). Standard Test Method for Rubber Property\u2014Durometer Hardness (Standard No. ASTM. D2240-15)."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"(2022). Plastics\u2014Thermoplastic materials\u2014Determination of Vicat Softening Temperature (Standard No. ISO 306:2022). Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/82176.html."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"(2010). Plastics\u2014Methods of test for the determination of the effects of immersion in liquid chemicals (Standard No. ISO 175:2010). Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/55483.html."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2021). Standard Test Method for D-C Resistance or Conductance of Moderately Conductive Materials (Standard No. ASTM D4496-21)."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/10\/2259\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:32:23Z","timestamp":1760124743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/10\/2259"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["polym15102259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15102259","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]]}}}