{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:09:01Z","timestamp":1760148541815,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The presence of impurities such as H2S, thiols, ketones, and permanent gases in propylene of fossil origin and their use in the polypropylene production process affect the efficiency of the synthesis and the mechanical properties of the polymer and generate millions of losses worldwide. This creates an urgent need to know the families of inhibitors and their concentration levels. This article uses ethylene green to synthesize an ethylene\u2013propylene copolymer. It describes the impact of trace impurities of furan in ethylene green and how this furan influences the loss of properties such as thermal and mechanical properties of the random copolymer. For the development of the investigation, 12 runs were carried out, each in triplicate. The results show an evident influence of furan on the productivity of the Ziegler\u2013Natta catalyst (ZN); productivity losses of 10, 20, and 41% were obtained for the copolymers synthesized with ethylene rich in 6, 12, and 25 ppm of furan, respectively. PP0 (without furan) did not present losses. Likewise, as the concentration of furan increased, it was observed that the melt flow index (MFI), thermal (TGA), and mechanical properties (tensile, bending, and impact) decreased significantly. Therefore, it can be affirmed that furan should be a substance to be controlled in the purification processes of green ethylene.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15102264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T01:37:24Z","timestamp":1683769044000},"page":"2264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Furan as Impurity in Green Ethylene and Its Effects on the Productivity of Random Ethylene\u2013Propylene Copolymer Synthesis and Its Thermal and Mechanical Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2330-8580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Program, Department of Natural and Exact Sciences, San Pablo Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena 130015, Colombia"},{"name":"Chemical Engineering Program, School of Engineering, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Bolivar, Parque Industrial y Tecnol\u00f3gico Carlos V\u00e9lez Pombo Km 1 V\u00eda Turbaco, Cartagena 130001, Colombia"},{"name":"Department of Natural and Exact Science, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0162-3619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esneyder","family":"Puello-Polo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Group de Investigaci\u00f3n en Oxi\/Hidrotratamiento Catal\u00edtico Y Nuevos Materiales, Programa de Qu\u00edmica-Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad del Atl\u00e1ntico, Puerto Colombia 081001, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7503-1528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edgar","family":"M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaciones en Qu\u00edmica Y Biolog\u00eda, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica Y Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas, Universidad del Norte, Carrera 51B, Km 5, V\u00eda Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla 081007, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4800","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-022-02557-4","article-title":"Development and Application of a Principal Component Analysis Model to Quantify the Green Ethylene Content in Virgin Impact Copolymer Resins During Their Synthesis on an Industrial Scale","volume":"30","author":"Guerra","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2019.460442","article-title":"Determination of phenolic antioxidants additives in industrial wastewater from polypropylene production using solid phase extraction with high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"1607","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"460","article-title":"Quantifcation of poisons for Ziegler Natta catalysts and efects on the production of polypropylene by gas chromatographic with simultaneous detection: Pulsed discharge helium ionization, mass spectrometry and fame ionization","volume":"1614","author":"Lopez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez, J., Cano, H., Guerra, Y., Polo, E., R\u00edos, J., Vivas, R., and Oviedo, J. (2022). Identifcation and quantifcation of microplastics in effluents of wastewater treatment plant by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14094920"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"125","article-title":"First evidence of microplastics occurrence in mixed surface and treated wastewater from two major Saudi Arabian cities and assessment of their ecological risk","volume":"416","author":"Soursou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113862","article-title":"A new thermoanalytical method for the quantifcation of microplastics in industrial wastewater","volume":"259","author":"Mallow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6404","DOI":"10.1039\/D0GC01830A","article-title":"Towards sustainable ethylene production with cyanobacterial artifcial bioflms","volume":"22","author":"Vajravel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Green Chem"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"100","article-title":"Three-phase electrochemistry for green ethylene production","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"589","article-title":"Biogas as a renewable feedstock for green ethylene production via oxidative coupling of methane: Preliminary feasibility study","volume":"61","author":"Penteado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Trans."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2009.04.006","article-title":"Thermal fractionation and efect of comonomer distribution on the crystal structure of ethylene-propylene copolymers","volume":"50","author":"Du","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rani, M., Marchesi, C., Federici, S., Rovelli, G., Alessandri, I., Vassalini, I., Ducoli, S., Borgese, L., Zacco, A., and Bilo, F. (2019). Miniaturized near-infrared (MicroNIR) spectrometer in plastic waste sorting. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12172740"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez, J., Guerra, Y., Puello, E., and Marquez, E. (2022). Effects of Different Concentrations of Arsine on the Synthesis and Final Properties of Polypropylene. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14153123"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2021.105052","article-title":"Experimental study of the auto-catalytic effect of triethylaluminum and TiCl4 residuals at the onset of non-additive polypropylene degradation and their impact on thermo-oxidative degradation and pyrolysis","volume":"155","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Mardue\u00f1o, S., Barron, J., Verdin, B., Mendeleev, E., and Montalvo, R. (2013). Qu\u00edmica Org\u00e1nica Introducci\u00f3n a la Qu\u00edmica Heteroc\u00edclica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nayarit, M\u00e9xico."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Ruiz, M.L. (2007). Tesis Sobre Determinaci\u00f3n y Evaluaci\u00f3n de las Emisiones de Dioxinas y Furanos en la Producci\u00f3n de Cemento en Espa\u00f1a, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"143","article-title":"Dioxinas y furanos derivados de la combusti\u00f3n","volume":"1","author":"Sarra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Cient\u00edfica De La Univ. De Belgrano"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, P. (2015). Tesis Sobre Contribuci\u00f3n al Control de la Contaminaci\u00f3n por Cloropropanoles en el \u00c1mbito Alimentario Mediante el Desarrollo de Nuevas Metodolog\u00edas Anal\u00edticas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Pedreschi, F. (2015). Tesis Technologies for Furan Mitigation in Highly Consumed Chilean Foods Processed at High Temperatures, Pontifica Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Cahuaya, M.A. (2021). Tesis Sobre la Determinaci\u00f3n de Dioxinas y Furanos en Harina de Pescado por Cromatograf\u00eda de Gases Acoplada a Espectrometr\u00eda de Masas Triple Cuadrupolo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Naccha, L.R. (2010). Tesis Sobre Cuantificaci\u00f3n de Dioxinas por Cromatograf\u00eda de Gases, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.17533\/udea.redin.344338","article-title":"Dioxinas y furanos en cenizas de incineraci\u00f3n","volume":"32","author":"Cobo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Fac. De Ing. Univ. De Antioq."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1177\/0892705711428659","article-title":"Mechanical properties of polypropylene composites: A review","volume":"26","author":"Shubhra","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2991(09)60335-9","article-title":"Catalysis and the Unipol Process","volume":"25","author":"Karol","year":"1986","journal-title":"Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez, J.A. (2018). Tesis Sobre el Uso de Aditivos Sostenibles en la Estabilizaci\u00f3n T\u00e9rmica del Polipropileno en su Proceso de S\u00edntesis, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Quinteros, J.G. (2016). Tesis sobre Sintesis y Aplicaciones de Ligandos Arsinas. Estudios de Sistemas Catal\u00edticos de Pd y Au, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/00945717908069771","article-title":"A Review of: \u201cPhosphine, Arsine, and Stibine Complexes of The Transition Elements. C. A. McAuliffe and W. Levason, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1979, 546 pp, $84.50\u201d","volume":"9","author":"Treichel","year":"1979","journal-title":"Synth. React. Inorganic Met. Nano-Metal Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsabri, A., Tahir, F., and Al-Ghamdi, S.G. (2021). Life-Cycle Assessment of Polypropylene Production in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Region. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13213793"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"245","article-title":"Propiedades termo-mec\u00e1nicas del Polipropileno: Efectos durante el reprocesamiento","volume":"18","author":"Caicedo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ing. Investig. Y Tecnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-14282006000400008","article-title":"Correla\u00e7\u00e3o entre o \u00cdndice de Fluxo \u00e0 Fus\u00e3o ea Fun\u00e7\u00e3o da Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de Cis\u00e3o de Cadeia durante a degrada\u00e7\u00e3o termo-mec\u00e2nica do polipropileno","volume":"16","author":"Caceres","year":"2006","journal-title":"Polimeros"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2013.09.009","article-title":"A correlation between the variable melt flow index and the molecular mass distribution of virgin and recycled polypropylene used in the manufacturing of battery cases","volume":"32","author":"Ferg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1702","article-title":"Rheological, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable Poly(propylene carbonate)\/Polylactide\/Poly(1,2-propylene glycol adipate) Blown Films","volume":"12","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1644","article-title":"Evaluation of mechanical properties of polypropylene\u2014Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene blend reinforced with cowrie shell [Cypraeidae] powder","volume":"50","author":"Suraj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Proc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chacon, H., Cano, H., Fern\u00e1ndez, J.H., Guerra, Y., Puello-Polo, E., R\u00edos-Rojas, J.F., and Ruiz, Y. (2022). Effect of Addition of Polyurea as an Aggregate in Mortars: Analysis of Microstructure and Strength. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14091753"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez, J., Castro-Suarez, J.R., and Toloza, C.A.T. (2022). Iron Oxide Powder as Responsible for the Generation of Industrial Polypropylene Waste and as a Co-Catalyst for the Pyrolysis of Non-Additive Resins. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911708"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900379","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.201900379","article-title":"Enhancing the Thermal Stability of Polypropylene by Blending with Low Amounts of Natural Antioxidants","volume":"304","author":"Arrieta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2020.461478","article-title":"Quantification of oxygenates, sulphides, thiols and permanent gases in propylene. A multiple linear regression model to predict the loss of efficiency in polypropylene production on an industrial scale","volume":"1628","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2021.105385","article-title":"Autocatalytic influence of different levels of arsine on the thermal stability and pyrolysis of polypropylene","volume":"161","author":"Joaquin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez, J., Cano, H., and Aldas, M. (2022). Impact of Traces of Hydrogen Sulfide on the Efficiency of Ziegler\u2013Natta Catalyst on the Final Properties of Polypropylene. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14183910"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez, J., Ortega-Toro, R., and Castro-Suarez, J.R. (2023). Theoretical\u2013Experimental Study of the Action of Trace Amounts of Formaldehyde, Propionaldehyde, and Butyraldehyde as Inhibitors of the Ziegler\u2013Natta Catalyst and the Synthesis of an Ethylene&ndash;Propylene Copolymer. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15051098"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez, J., Vivas-Reyes, R., and Toloza, C.A.T. (2022). Experimental Study of the Impact of Trace Amounts of Acetylene and Methylacetylene on the Synthesis, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polypropylene. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012148"}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/10\/2264\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:32:38Z","timestamp":1760124758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/10\/2264"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["polym15102264"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15102264","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-4360"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]}}}