{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:54:26Z","timestamp":1790880866693,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":166,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There has been a lot of interest in developing and producing biodegradable polymers to address the current environmental problem caused by the continued usage of synthetic polymers derived from petroleum products. Bioplastics have been identified as a possible alternative to the use of conventional plastics since they are biodegradable and\/or derived from renewable resources. Additive manufacturing, also referred to as 3D printing, is a field of growing interest and can contribute towards a sustainable and circular economy. The manufacturing technology also provides a wide material selection with design flexibility increasing its usage in the manufacture of parts from bioplastics. With this material flexibility, efforts have been directed towards developing 3D printing filaments from bioplastics such as Poly (lactic acid) to substitute the common fossil- based conventional plastic filaments such as Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Plant biomass is now utilized in the development of biocomposite materials. A lot of literature presents work done toward improving the biodegradability of printing filaments. However, additive manufacture of biocomposites from plant biomass is faced with printing challenges such as warping, low agglomeration between layers and poor mechanical properties of the printed parts. The aim of this paper is to review the technology of 3D printing using bioplastics, study the materials that have been utilized in this technology and how challenges of working with biocomposites in additive manufacture have been addressed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15102355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T06:32:58Z","timestamp":1684391578000},"page":"2355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Biocompatible and Biodegradable 3D Printing from Bioplastics: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2360-0266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurine Naliaka","family":"Andanje","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronic Engineering, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi 00200, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Wamai","family":"Mwangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechatronic Engineering, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi 00200, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3300-7917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno Roberts","family":"Mose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Nairobi 00200, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Carrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering, \u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coche.2021.100682","article-title":"Addressing the challenges associated with plastic waste disposal and management in developing countries","volume":"32","author":"Browning","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.05.084","article-title":"Plastic waste in the marine environment: A review of sources, occurrence and effects","volume":"566","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2020.104685","article-title":"Building a circular plastics economy with informal waste pickers: Recyclate quality, business model, and societal impacts","volume":"156","author":"Gall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.06.038","article-title":"Plastic waste from recycling centres: Characterisation and evaluation of plastic recyclability","volume":"95","author":"Faraca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pilla, S. (2011). Handbook of Bioplastics and Biocomposites Engineering Applications, Scrivener Publishing LLC. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118203699"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-020-01795-8","article-title":"Recycling of Bioplastics: Routes and Benefits","volume":"28","author":"Lamberti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morales, M.A., Martinez, C.L.A., Maranon, A., Hernandez, C., Michaud, V., and Porras, A. (2021). Development and Characterization of Rice Husk and Recycled Polypropylene Composite Filaments for 3D Printing. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13071067"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.110353","article-title":"Development of bioplastics from a microalgae consortium from wastewater","volume":"263","author":"Rocha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"159","article-title":"Recycling of bioplastic waste: A review","volume":"4","author":"Fredi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Ind. Eng. Polym. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Heylin, M. (2019, January 3\u20134). European Bioplastics: Facts and figures. Proceedings of the 13th European Bioplastics Conference, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Av\u00e9rous, L., and Pollet, E. (2012). Environmental Silicate Nano-Biocomposites, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-4108-2"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"White, E., Bassilakis, R., and Nogu\u00e9s, S. (2020). From the Plastics Present to a Sustainable Future: The Bioplastics Innovation Land-Scape, Players and Market Opportunities, ClarivateTM."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2019.02.027","article-title":"Recycling of biopolymers\u2014The patent perspective","volume":"114","author":"Niaounakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"188","article-title":"A Review: Investigation of Bioplastics","volume":"9","author":"Arikan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Civ. Eng. Arch."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomc.2021.100171","article-title":"Reinforcement ability of lignocellulosic components in biocomposites and their 3D printed applications\u2014A review","volume":"6","author":"Zarna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Part C Open Access"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.122129","article-title":"Characteristics of biodegradable textiles used in environmental engineering: A comprehensive review","volume":"268","author":"Daria","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.125671","article-title":"Microbial production and recovery of hybrid biopolymers from wastes for industrial applications\u2014A review","volume":"340","author":"Horue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fpsl.2022.100892","article-title":"Novel biopolymer-based sustainable composites for food packaging applications: A narrative review","volume":"33","author":"Khalid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Packag. Shelf Life"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzanti, V., Malagutti, L., and Mollica, F. (2019). FDM 3D Printing of Polymers Containing Natural Fillers: A Review of their Mechanical Properties. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11071094"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2021.02.397","article-title":"Natural fibers reinforced FDM 3D printing filaments","volume":"46","author":"Deb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1476","article-title":"Seaweeds can be a new source for bioplastics","volume":"5","author":"Rajendran","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2020.108911","article-title":"A review of 3D and 4D printing of natural fibre biocomposites","volume":"194","author":"Correa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.108159","article-title":"Biopolymeric sustainable materials and their emerging applications","volume":"10","author":"Arif","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.11.077","article-title":"Current advances and future perspectives of 3D printing natural-derived biopolymers","volume":"207","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-018-1888-y","article-title":"3D printing with cellulose materials","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2019.00735","article-title":"Influence of Rice Husk and Wood Biomass Properties on the Manufacture of Filaments for Fused Deposition Modeling","volume":"7","author":"Hill","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2020.123452","article-title":"3D printing of modified soybean hull fiber\/polymer composites","volume":"254","author":"Balla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Van Wijk, A.J.M., and van Wijk, I. (2015). 3D Printing with Biomaterials: Towards a Sustainable and Circular Economy, IOS Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2011.10.003","article-title":"Sustainability of bio-based plastics: General comparative analysis and recommendations for improvement","volume":"23","author":"Edwards","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2016.2625098","article-title":"Overview on Additive Manufacturing Technologies","volume":"105","author":"Calignano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2020). Plastics\u2014The Facts 2020, Plastics Europe."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s41783-018-0049-y","article-title":"Application of Biodegradable Polymers in Food Packaging Industry: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"3","author":"Mangaraj","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Packag. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2020.107582","article-title":"Current trends in the production of biodegradable bioplastics: The case of polyhydroxyalkanoates","volume":"42","author":"Distante","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2016.10.006","article-title":"Biodegradation of bioplastics in natural environments","volume":"59","author":"Emadian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126218","article-title":"An overview of non-biodegradable bioplastics","volume":"294","author":"Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"e00382","article-title":"Recent trends in recycling and reusing techniques of different plastic polymers and their composite materials","volume":"31","author":"Khalid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141953","article-title":"Comparison of the aerobic biodegradation of biopolymers and the corresponding bioplastics: A review","volume":"753","author":"Polman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Singh, N.B., De, A., Shukla, S.K., and Guin, M. (2023). Handbook of Bioplastics and Biocomposites Engineering Applications, John Wiley & Sons. [2nd ed.]. Scrivener Publishing LLC."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.112356","article-title":"Antifungal and plasticization effects of carvacrol in biodegradable poly(lactic acid) and poly(butylene adipate terephthalate) blend films for bakery packaging","volume":"152","author":"Klinmalai","year":"2021","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117610","article-title":"Chitosan nanoparticles based on their derivatives as antioxidant and antibacterial additives for active bioplastic packaging","volume":"257","author":"Kongkaoroptham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2020.107763","article-title":"Antifungal packaging of sorbate and benzoate incorporated biodegradable films for fresh noodles","volume":"123","author":"Wangprasertkul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.029","article-title":"Cassava starch-processing residue utilization for packaging development","volume":"183","author":"Luchese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-020-01811-x","article-title":"Evaluation of Superabsorbent Capacity of Soy Protein-Based Bioplastic Matrices with Incorporated Fertilizer for Crops","volume":"28","author":"Guerrero","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-020-01902-9","article-title":"Eco-Friendly Polyvinyl Alcohol\/Polylactic Acid Core\/Shell Structured Fibers as Controlled-Release Fertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture","volume":"29","author":"Nooeaid","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118419","article-title":"Micronutrients encapsulation by starch as an enhanced efficiency fertilizer","volume":"271","author":"Chiaregato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"12","article-title":"Beneficial effect of some organic soil-conditioning agents for improving sandy soil productivity under sprinkler irrigation system","volume":"5","author":"Hemeid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51534","DOI":"10.1002\/app.51534","article-title":"Preparation and performance of poly (vinyl alcohol)\/polylactic acid\/hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds based on 3D printing","volume":"139","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118589","article-title":"Bioactive chitosan biguanidine-based injectable hydrogels as a novel BMP-2 and VEGF carrier for osteogenesis of dental pulp stem cells","volume":"273","author":"Divband","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.053","article-title":"Rice starch coated iron oxide nanoparticles: A theranostic probe for photoacoustic imaging-guided photothermal cancer therapy","volume":"183","author":"Vo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.130916","article-title":"Targeted Delivery of Hemostats to Complex Bleeding Wounds with Magnetic Guidance for Instant Hemostasis","volume":"427","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garrison, T.F., Murawski, A., and Quirino, R.L. (2016). Bio-Based Polymers with Potential for Biodegradability. Polymers, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym8070262"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsc.2018.04.013","article-title":"Sustainability of bioplastics: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"13","author":"Thakur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Green Sustain. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.201900383","article-title":"How Do Bioplastics and Fossil-Based Plastics Play in a Circular Economy?","volume":"304","author":"Kawashima","year":"2019","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pires, J.R.A., Souza, V.G.L., Fuci\u00f1os, P., Pastrana, L., and Fernando, A.L. (2022). Methodologies to Assess the Biodegradability of Bio-Based Polymers\u2014Current Knowledge and Existing Gaps. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14071359"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2018). Standard Test Method for Determining Aerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials in Soil (Standard No. ASTM D5988-18)."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2019). Plastics\u2014Determination of the Ultimate Aerobic Biodegradability of Plastic Materials in Soil by Measuring the Oxygen Demand in a Respirometer or the Amount of Carbon Dioxide Evolved, 60.60 Inte (Standard No. ISO 17556:2019)."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.088","article-title":"Thermal, biodegradation and theoretical perspectives on nanoscale confinement in starch\/cellulose nanocomposite modified via green crosslinker","volume":"134","author":"Balakrishnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.134","article-title":"Studies on the properties and biodegradability of PVA\/Trapa natans starch (N-st) composite films and PVA\/N-st-g-poly (EMA) composite films","volume":"123","author":"Kaur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.112","article-title":"Thermal, mechanical and biodegradation studies of biofiller based poly-3-hydroxybutyrate biocomposites","volume":"155","author":"Thomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.139","article-title":"Soil burial-induced chemical and thermal changes in starch\/poly (lactic acid) composites","volume":"113","author":"Lv","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"109031","article-title":"Accelerated biodegradation testing of slowly degradable polyesters in soil","volume":"171","author":"Serbruyns","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2017.10.026","article-title":"Mechanical, rheological and degradation properties of PBAT nanocomposites reinforced by functionalized cellulose nanocrystals","volume":"97","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.05.003","article-title":"Optimized and scaled-up production of cellulose-reinforced biodegradable composite films made up of carrot processing waste","volume":"121","author":"Otoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2019.06.010","article-title":"How olive pomace can be valorized as fillers to tune the biodegradation of PHBV based composites","volume":"166","author":"Lammi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E59","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.24854","article-title":"Biodegradation and thermal properties of crosslinked chitosan\/corn cob biocomposite films by electron beam irradiation","volume":"59","author":"Chan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2019.104793","article-title":"Aerobic biodegradation of starch\u2013polyurethane flexible films under soil burial condition: Changes in physical structure and chemical composition","volume":"145","author":"Tai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borowicz, M., Paciorek-Sadowska, J., Isbrandt, M., Grzybowski, \u0141., and Czupry\u0144ski, B. (2019). Glycerolysis of Poly(lactic acid) as a Way to Extend the \u201cLife Cycle\u201d of This Material. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11121963"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115021","article-title":"Mechanical, antibacterial and biodegradable properties of starch film containing bacteriocin immobilized crystalline nanocellulose","volume":"222","author":"Bagde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.07.042","article-title":"Microbial degradation of four biodegradable polymers in soil and compost demonstrating polycaprolactone as an ideal compostable plastic","volume":"97","author":"Pittman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-017-1143-x","article-title":"A Comparative Study on the Mechanical and Biodegradation Characteristics of Starch-Based Composites Reinforced with Different Lignocellulosic Fibers","volume":"6","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2018.02.003","article-title":"Biodegradability studies of poly(butylene succinate) composites filled with sugarcane rind fiber","volume":"66","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.003","article-title":"Polyhydroxyalkanoate production from statistically optimized media using rice mill effluent as sustainable substrate with an analysis on the biopolymer\u2019s degradation potential","volume":"126","author":"Sabapathy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2018.10.023","article-title":"Biodegradable plastic designed to improve the soil quality and microbiological activity","volume":"158","author":"Moreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2019.02.021","article-title":"Biodegradation of modified Poly(lactic acid) based biocomposite films under thermophilic composting conditions","volume":"76","author":"Kalita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.027","article-title":"Biodegradation and ecotoxicological impact of cellulose nanocomposites in municipal solid waste composting","volume":"111","author":"Salehpour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"(2012). Determination of the Ultimate Aerobic Biodegradability of Plastic Materials under Controlled Composting Conditions\u2014Method by Analysis of Evolved Carbon Dioxide\u2014Part 1: General Method (Standard No. ISO 14855-1:2012). Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/57902.html."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"(2021). Standard Test Method for Determining Aerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials Under Controlled Composting Conditions, Incorporating Thermophilic Temperatures (Standard No. ASTM D5338-15)."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"(2022). ASTM D6400\u2013Compostable Product Test\u2013Composting, Situ Biosciences."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"(2015). Plastics\u2014Determination of the Degree of Disintegration of Plastic Materials under Simulated Composting Conditions in a Laboratory-Scale Test (Standard No. ISO 20200:2015)."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"(2021). Plastics\u2014Organic Recycling\u2014Specifications for Compostable Plastics (Standard No. ISO 17088:2021)."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cinelli, P., Seggiani, M., Mallegni, N., Gigante, V., and Lazzeri, A. (2019). Processability and Degradability of PHA-Based Composites in Terrestrial Environments. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020284"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2016.04.014","article-title":"Biodegradation behavior of starch-PVA films as affected by the incorporation of different antimicrobials","volume":"132","author":"Cano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.078","article-title":"Changes of physical properties of PLA-based blends during early stage of biodegradation in compost","volume":"113","author":"Kucharczyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2018.05.017","article-title":"Enhancing the biodegradation rate of poly(lactic acid) films and PLA bio-nanocomposites in simulated composting through bioaugmentation","volume":"154","author":"Auras","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2018.08.026","article-title":"Effect of silica resources on the biodegradation behavior of poly (lactic acid) and chemical crosslinked poly (lactic acid) composites","volume":"71","author":"Prapruddivongs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171792","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.171792","article-title":"Biodegradability standards for carrier bags and plastic films in aquatic environments: A critical review","volume":"5","author":"Harrison","year":"2018","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2019.110826","article-title":"Aerobic biodegradation in freshwater and marine environments of textile microfibers generated in clothes laundering: Effects of cellulose and polyester-based microfibers on the microbiome","volume":"151","author":"Zambrano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3608","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825999191011105148","article-title":"Biocompatible Polymers and their Potential Biomedical Applications: A Review","volume":"25","author":"Arif","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.140","article-title":"Recent advances in 3D-printed polylactide and polycaprolactone-based biomaterials for tissue engineering applications","volume":"218","author":"Arif","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"402","article-title":"New advancements of bioplastics in medical application","volume":"9","author":"Bano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BILE.0000036599.15302.e5","article-title":"Review Degradation of microbial polyesters","volume":"26","author":"Tokiwa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"755","article-title":"Polymers in Biomedical Applications","volume":"32","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13036-017-0074-3","article-title":"Designing of PLA scaffolds for bone tissue replacement fabricated by ordinary commercial 3D printer","volume":"11","author":"Gregor","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.08.090","article-title":"Fluorescent PLLA-nanodiamond composites for bone tissue engineering","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"76","article-title":"Applications of PLA in modern medicine","volume":"1","author":"DeStefano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Regen."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-016-1532-4","article-title":"Micro\/Nano Multilayered Scaffolds of PLGA and Collagen by Alternately Electrospinning for Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"11","author":"Kwak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butreddy, A., Gaddam, R.P., Kommineni, N., Dudhipala, N., and Voshavar, C. (2021). PLGA\/PLA-Based Long-Acting Injectable Depot Microspheres in Clinical Use: Production and Characterization Overview for Protein\/Peptide Delivery. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168884"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525832","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/525832","article-title":"Current Uses of Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) in the Dental Field: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"2015","author":"Virlan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.017","article-title":"Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials","volume":"32","author":"Nair","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Peter, J.E., and Ma, X. (2005). Scaffolding in Tissue Engineering, CRC Press Taylor & Francis. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"648","article-title":"Biocomposites: An Overview","volume":"4","author":"Sengupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Technol. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Carruthers, J. (2012). Technology Overview Biocomposites, Technology Strategy Board."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2021.07.128","article-title":"Recent advances in nanocellulose-based different biomaterials: Types, properties, and emerging applications","volume":"14","author":"Khalid","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zwawi, M. (2021). A Review on Natural Fiber Bio-Composites; Surface Modifications and Applications. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26020404"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-020-2403-2","article-title":"Experimental and numerical characterization of tensile property of jute\/carbon fabric reinforced epoxy hybrid composites","volume":"2","author":"Khalid","year":"2020","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s40684-019-00097-2","article-title":"Important Considerations in Manufacturing of Natural Fiber Composites: A Review","volume":"6","author":"Jaafar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2012.04.003","article-title":"Biocomposites reinforced with natural fibers: 2000\u20132010","volume":"37","author":"Faruk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2012.06.056","article-title":"Mechanical and thermal properties of natural fibers reinforced polymer composites: Doum\/low density polyethylene","volume":"43","author":"Arrakhiz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.finmec.2021.100038","article-title":"Interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) characterization of fiber metal laminates (FMLs) manufactured through VARTM process","volume":"4","author":"Khalid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Forces Mech."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2021.100232","article-title":"Tensile strength evaluation of glass\/jute fibers reinforced composites: An experimental and numerical approach","volume":"10","author":"Khalid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s12289-021-01624-w","article-title":"Mechanical characterization of glass and jute fiber-based hybrid composites fabricated through compression molding technique","volume":"14","author":"Khalid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mater. Form."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2014.12.053","article-title":"Mechanical properties and failure modes of recycled polypropylene\/microcrystalline cellulose composites","volume":"69","author":"Zulkifli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2011.12.013","article-title":"Polypropylene composites with natural fibers and wood\u2014General mechanical property profiles","volume":"72","author":"Sobczak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2013.10.050","article-title":"Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites in industrial applications: Feasibility of date palm fibers for sustainable automotive industry","volume":"66","author":"Sapuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2010.08.042","article-title":"An investigation into hybrid carbon\/glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite automotive drive shaft","volume":"32","author":"Badie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/0892705719882074","article-title":"An experimental study on adhesion, flexibility, interlaminar shear strength, and damage mechanism of jute\/rubber-based flexible \u201cgreen\u201d composite","volume":"35","author":"Mahesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2020.12.027","article-title":"Extraction and characterization of nanocellulose from three types of palm residues","volume":"10","author":"Mehanny","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2019.05.024","article-title":"Porosity, density and mechanical properties of the paper of steam exploded bamboo microfibers controlled by nanofibrillated cellulose","volume":"8","author":"Tanpichai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.08.069","article-title":"Production and modification of nanofibrillated cellulose using various mechanical processes: A review","volume":"99","author":"Davoudpour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2020.08.093","article-title":"Production of cellulose nanocrystals from pineapple crown fibers through alkaline pretreatment and acid hydrolysis under different conditions","volume":"9","author":"Faria","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-7243-4","article-title":"Bacterial nanocellulose production and application: A 10-year overview","volume":"100","author":"Jozala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2016.02.014","article-title":"Plant-based natural fibre reinforced cement composites: A review","volume":"68","author":"Onuaguluchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243947","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/243947","article-title":"A Review on Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite and Its Applications","volume":"2015","author":"Mohammed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, Y., Wang, H., Li, Z., Li, P., and Shi, S.Q. (2017). Development and Application of Wood Flour-Filled Polylactic Acid Composite Filament for 3D Printing. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10040339"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.09.061","article-title":"Preparation of 3D printable micro\/nanocellulose-polylactic acid (MNC\/PLA) composite wire rods with high MNC constitution","volume":"109","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700219","DOI":"10.1002\/mame.201700219","article-title":"Cocoa Shell Waste Biofilaments for 3D Printing Applications","volume":"302","author":"Tran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Macromol. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_127","unstructured":"Kearns, A.J. (2017). Cotton Cellulose Fibers for 3D Print Material, North Carolina State University."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s40436-014-0097-7","article-title":"Optimization of fused deposition modeling process parameters: A review of current research and future prospects","volume":"3","author":"Mohamed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.12.036","article-title":"A review on recent advancements in fused deposition modeling","volume":"27","author":"Dhinakaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s40964-019-00102-9","article-title":"Development of additively manufacturable and electrically conductive graphite\u2013polymer composites","volume":"5","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hac\u0131oglu, A., Y\u0131lmazer, H., and Ustundag, C.B. (2018). 3D Printing for Tissue Engineering Applications. J. Polytech.","DOI":"10.2339\/politeknik.389596"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FD00219B","article-title":"Three dimensional ink-jet printing of biomaterials using ionic liquids and co-solvents","volume":"190","author":"Gunasekera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Faraday Discuss."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4793","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.7b00200","article-title":"Cellulose Nanofibril-Based Coatings of Woven Cotton Fabrics for Improved Inkjet Printing with a Potential in E-Textile Manufacturing","volume":"5","author":"Nechyporchuk","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"148","article-title":"Jorge L\u00f3pez-Beceiro, Patrice Cousin, Sa\u00efd Elkoun, and Mathieu Robert. Recycled, Bio-Based, and Blended Composite Materials for 3D Printing Filament: Pros and Cons\u2014A Review","volume":"14","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Zhang, L., Wang, W., Su, R., Gao, X., Li, S., Wang, G., and He, R. (2023). Microstructures, Mechanical Properties and Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Performance of Porous SiC Ceramics by Direct Foaming Combined with Direct-Ink-Writing-Based 3D Printing. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16072861"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2958","article-title":"3D bioprinting of tissues and organs","volume":"32","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01626","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1626","article-title":"2D and 3D electrospinning technologies for the fabrication of nanofibrous scaffolds for skin tissue engineering: A review","volume":"12","author":"Keirouz","year":"2020","journal-title":"WIREs Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.06.109","article-title":"Cellulose acetate based 3-dimensional electrospun scaffolds for skin tissue engineering applications","volume":"133","author":"Atila","year":"2015","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1021\/la404704z","article-title":"Toward nanoscale three-dimensional printing: Nanowalls built of electrospun nanofibers","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"271","article-title":"Prosthodontic using Rapid Prototyping","volume":"26","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. Sci. Res. J. Eng. Technol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peranidze, K., Safronova, T.V., and Kildeeva, N.R. (2023). Electrospun Nanomaterials Based on Cellulose and Its Derivatives for Cell Cultures: Recent Developments and Challenges. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15051174"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-017-1274-8","article-title":"Liquid Deposition Modeling: A promising approach for 3D printing of wood","volume":"76","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-015-0987-9","article-title":"Use of wood powder and adhesive as a mixture for 3D printing","volume":"74","author":"Kariz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2016.02.018","article-title":"3D printing of wood fibre biocomposites: From mechanical to actuation functionality","volume":"96","author":"Castro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2009.11.013","article-title":"Organo-modified montmorillonite\/poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) nanocomposites prepared by melt intercalation in a twin-screw extruder","volume":"95","author":"Labidi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2018.07.009","article-title":"Bio-polyethylene reinforced with thermomechanical pulp fibers: Mechanical and micromechanical characterization and its application in 3D-printing by fused deposition modelling","volume":"153","author":"Espinach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014102","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-6041\/11\/1\/014102","article-title":"Advancing the field of 3D biomaterial printing","volume":"11","author":"Jakus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2014.10.011","article-title":"X-ray micro-computed tomography investigation of fibre length degradation during the processing steps of short-fibre composites","volume":"105","author":"Joffre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2010.11.022","article-title":"Correlation between stiffness of sheets prepared from cellulose whiskers and nanoparticles dimensions","volume":"84","author":"Bras","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2014.08.032","article-title":"On the use of nanocellulose as reinforcement in polymer matrix composites","volume":"105","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_151","unstructured":"Belgacem, M.N., and Gandini, A. (2008). Monomers, Polymers and Composites from Renewable Resources, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X., Wang, G., Miao, M., Yue, J., Hao, J., and Wang, W. (2018). The Dispersion of Pulp-Fiber in High-Density Polyethylene via Different Fabrication Processes. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10020122"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.750040407","article-title":"Use of wood fibers in thermoplastic composites","volume":"4","author":"Kokta","year":"1983","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_154","unstructured":"Coleman, E.A. (2011). Applied Plastics Engineering Handbook, William Andrew Publishing."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2010.03.005","article-title":"Silane coupling agents used for natural fiber\/polymer composites: A review","volume":"41","author":"Xie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"88","article-title":"Chemical Coupling in Wood Fiber and Polymer Composites: A Review of Coupling Agents and Treatments","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Wood Fiber Sci."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, J., Zhou, Y., and Fan, M. (2018). Revealing the Interface Structure and Bonding Mechanism of Coupling Agent Treated WPC. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10030266"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1080\/09276440.2021.1878441","article-title":"Key Improvements in Interfacial Adhesion and Dispersion of Fibers\/Fillers in Polymer Matrix Composites; Focus on PLA Matrix Composites","volume":"29","author":"Olonisakin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Compos. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-7021(09)70093-8","article-title":"Tribology of natural fiber polymer composites","volume":"12","author":"Englund","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serra-Parareda, F., Tarr\u00e9s, Q., Delgado-Aguilar, M., Espinach, F.X., Mutj\u00e9, P., and Vilaseca, F. (2019). Biobased Composites from Biobased-Polyethylene and Barley Thermomechanical Fibers: Micromechanics of Composites. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12244182"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ehman, N.V., Ita-Nagy, D., Felissia, F.E., Vallejos, M.E., Quispe, I., Area, M.C., and Chinga-Carrasco, G. (2020). Biocomposites of Bio-Polyethylene Reinforced with a Hydrothermal-Alkaline Sugarcane Bagasse Pulp and Coupled with a Bio-Based Compatibilizer. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25092158"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarr\u00e9s, Q., Oliver-Ortega, H., Espinach, F.X., Mutj\u00e9, P., Delgado-Aguilar, M., and M\u00e9ndez, J.A. (2019). Determination of Mean Intrinsic Flexural Strength and Coupling Factor of Natural Fiber Reinforcement in Polylactic Acid Biocomposites. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11111736"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serra-Parareda, F., Juli\u00e1n, F., Espinosa, E., Rodr\u00edguez, A., Espinach, F.X., and Vilaseca, F. (2020). Feasibility of Barley Straw Fibers as Reinforcement in Fully Biobased Polyethylene Composites: Macro and Micro Mechanics of the Flexural Strength. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25092242"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narancic, T., Cerrone, F., Beagan, N., and O\u2019connor, K.E. (2020). Recent Advances in Bioplastics: Application and Biodegradation. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12040920"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2017.11.052","article-title":"Characterization of 3D printed long fibre reinforced composites","volume":"185","author":"Justo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bprint.2022.e00203","article-title":"A review on four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting in pursuit of advanced tissue engineering applications","volume":"27","author":"Arif","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioprinting"}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/10\/2355\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:37:37Z","timestamp":1760125057000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/10\/2355"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"references-count":166,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["polym15102355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15102355","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]}}}