{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T17:38:56Z","timestamp":1787938736576,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microencapsulated phase change materials (MCPCM) as a green energy storage material not only prevent leakage of phase change materials but also increase the heat transfer area of phase change materials. Extensive previous work has shown that the performance of MCPCM depends on the shell material and MCPCM with polymers, as the shell material suffers from low mechanical strength and low thermal conductivity. In this study, a novel MCPCM with hybrid shells of melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) and sulfonated graphene (SG) was prepared by in situ polymerization using SG-stabilized Pickering emulsion as a template. The effects of SG content and core\/shell ratio on the morphology, thermal properties, leak-proof properties, and mechanical strength of the MCPCM were investigated. The results showed that the incorporation of SG into the shell of MUF effectively improved the contact angles, leak-proof performance, and mechanical strength of the MCPCM. Specifically, the contact angles of MCPCM-3SG were reduced by 26\u00b0, the leakage rate was reduced by 80.7%, and the breakage rate after high-speed centrifugation was reduced by 63.6% compared to MCPCM without SG. These findings suggest that the MCPCM with MUF\/SG hybrid shells prepared in this study has great potential for application in thermal energy storage and management systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15112441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T03:56:58Z","timestamp":1684987018000},"page":"2441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Preparation of Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials from Sulfonated Graphene Stabilized Pickering Emulsion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Weiping","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dajiang","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7162-6858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoguo","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.03.063","article-title":"Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials in Thermal Energy Storage: A Review","volume":"144","author":"Alva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.06.147","article-title":"Thermal Energy Storage (TES) for Industrial Waste Heat (IWH) Recovery: A Review","volume":"179","author":"Gasia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.09.034","article-title":"Review of the Application of Phase Change Material for Heating and Domestic Hot Water Systems","volume":"42","author":"Sharif","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2016.02.007","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Polyurea Microencapsulated Phase Change Material by Interfacial Polycondensation Method","volume":"292","author":"Zhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2017.09.074","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Cross-Linked Polyurethane Shell Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials by Interfacial Polymerization","volume":"211","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2019.04.032","article-title":"Nano-Encapsulated Phase Change Materials Prepared by One-Step Interfacial Polymerization for Thermal Energy Storage","volume":"231","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2016.10.011","article-title":"Fabrication and Characterization of Microcapsulated Phase Change Materials with an Additional Function of Thermochromic Performance","volume":"139","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sol. Energy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.0c01410","article-title":"Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle-Decorated Polymer Microcapsules Enclosing Phase Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage and Photocatalysis","volume":"3","author":"Parvate","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2020.124519","article-title":"Infrared Camouflage Fabric Prepared by Paraffin Phase Change Microcapsule with Good Thermal Insulting Properties","volume":"591","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2020.125698","article-title":"Facile Synthesis of Microencapsulated 1-Dodecanol\/Melamine-Formaldehyde Phase Change Material Using in-Situ Polymerization for Thermal Energy Storage","volume":"610","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solmat.2019.110204","article-title":"Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials Based on Graphene Pickering Emulsion for Light-to-Thermal Energy Conversion and Management","volume":"203","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.131164","article-title":"Phase Change Material Microcapsules with Melamine Resin Shell via Cellulose Nanocrystal Stabilized Pickering Emulsion In-Situ Polymerization","volume":"428","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5304","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ta15242a","article-title":"Encapsulated Phase Change Materials Stabilized by Modified Graphene Oxide","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/pat.3495","article-title":"Fabrication and Performance of Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials with Hybrid Shell by in Situ Polymerization in Pickering Emulsion","volume":"26","author":"Yin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.09.126","article-title":"Recent Developments in Phase Change Materials for Energy Storage Applications: A Review","volume":"129","author":"Nazir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Heat Mass Transf."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.10.002","article-title":"Review on Thermal Conductivity Enhancement, Thermal Properties and Applications of Phase Change Materials in Thermal Energy Storage","volume":"82","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.01.114","article-title":"Advanced Thermal Systems Driven by Paraffin-Based Phase Change Materials\u2013A Review","volume":"238","author":"Gulfam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.09.154","article-title":"Microencapsulation and Thermal Properties of Myristic Acid with Ethyl Cellulose Shell for Thermal Energy Storage","volume":"231","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135394","article-title":"Fabrication and Release Behavior of Nitrapyrin Microcapsules: Using Modified Melamine-Formaldehyde Resin as Shell Material","volume":"704","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.06.022","article-title":"Polystyrene Microcapsules with Palmitic-Capric Acid Eutectic Mixture as Building Thermal Energy Storage Materials","volume":"150","author":"Alkan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2014.03.005","article-title":"Magnetic Nanoparticle-Embedded PCM Nanocapsules Based on Paraffin Core and Polyurea Shell","volume":"450","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9831","DOI":"10.1002\/er.6538","article-title":"Research Progress on Preparation, Characterization, and Application of Nanoparticle-Based Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials","volume":"45","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Wang, R., Liu, X., Dai, E., Li, B., Fang, S., and Li, D. (2018). Synthesis and Performances of Phase Change Microcapsules with a Polymer\/Diatomite Hybrid Shell for Thermal Energy Storage. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10060601"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012001","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1583\/ab48d9","article-title":"Graphene Related Materials for Thermal Management","volume":"7","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"2D Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat3064","article-title":"Thermal Properties of Graphene and Nanostructured Carbon Materials","volume":"10","author":"Balandin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0731872","article-title":"Superior Thermal Conductivity of Single-Layer Graphene","volume":"8","author":"Balandin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.05.021","article-title":"Graphene\/SiO2\/n-Octadecane Nanoencapsulated Phase Change Material with Flower like Morphology, High Thermal Conductivity, and Suppressed Supercooling","volume":"250","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.04.041","article-title":"Graphene Oxide-Modified Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials with High Encapsulation Capacity and Enhanced Leakage-Prevention Performance","volume":"197","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7731","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-020-04499-5","article-title":"Microencapsulated Phase Change Material via Pickering Emulsion Stabilized by Graphene Oxide for Photothermal Conversion","volume":"55","author":"Maithya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2018.04.011","article-title":"Hollow Graphene-Polyaniline Hybrid Spheres Using Sulfonated Graphene as Pickering Stabilizer for High Performance Supercapacitors","volume":"272","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17937","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA03995C","article-title":"Dispersion and Parallel Assembly of Sulfonated Graphene in Waterborne Epoxy Anticorrosion Coatings","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2022.106762","article-title":"Micron-Dimensional Sulfonated Graphene Sheets Co-Stabilized Emulsion Polymerization to Prepare Acrylic Latex Used for Reinforced Anticorrosion Coatings","volume":"165","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2018.09.070","article-title":"A Novel Nanofluid Based on Sulfonated Graphene for Enhanced Oil Recovery","volume":"271","author":"Radnia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2014.07.038","article-title":"Water-Dispersible Graphene Designed as a Pickering Stabilizer for the Suspension Polymerization of Poly (Methyl Methacrylate)\/Graphene Core\u2013Shell Microsphere Exhibiting Ultra-Low Percolation Threshold of Electrical Conductivity","volume":"55","author":"Dao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4491","DOI":"10.1039\/C3TA13462H","article-title":"Graphene-Based Polyaniline Nanocomposites: Preparation, Properties and Applications","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940502","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/940502","article-title":"Synthesis and Thermal Degradation Studies of Melamine Formaldehyde Resins","volume":"2014","author":"Ullah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recent Progress in Ultra-Low Formaldehyde Emitting Adhesive Systems and Formaldehyde Scavengers in Wood-Based Panels: A Review","volume":"2","author":"Kristak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wood Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1080\/15583724.2015.1107098","article-title":"The Potential of Microencapsulated Self-Healing Materials for Microcracks Recovery in Self-Healing Composite Systems: A Review","volume":"56","author":"Ullah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applthermaleng.2018.02.027","article-title":"Tailoring of Bifunctional Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials with CdS\/SiO2 Double-Layered Shell for Solar Photocatalysis and Solar Thermal Energy Storage","volume":"134","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2020.106006","article-title":"Fabrication and Characterization of a Novel Polyurethane Microencapsulated Phase Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage","volume":"151","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1081\/FST-120018670","article-title":"Structural Analogies and Differences between Graphite Oxide and C60 and C70 Polymeric Oxides (Fullerene Ozopolymers)","volume":"11","author":"Cataldo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fuller. Nanotub. Carbon Nanostruct."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1007\/s00396-013-2943-8","article-title":"Sulfonated Graphene Oxide: The New and Effective Material for Synthesis of Polystyrene-Based Nanocomposites","volume":"291","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloid Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1002\/app.35027","article-title":"Synthesis and Thermal Properties of Phase-Change Microcapsules Incorporated with Nano Alumina Particles in the Shell","volume":"124","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2014.08.079","article-title":"Phase-Change Characteristics and Thermal Performance of Form-Stable n-Alkanes\/Silica Composite Phase Change Materials Fabricated by Sodium Silicate Precursor","volume":"74","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2014.08.061","article-title":"Design and Synthesis of Magnetic Microcapsules Based on N-Eicosane Core and Fe3O4\/SiO2 Hybrid Shell for Dual-Functional Phase Change Materials","volume":"134","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3390\/app4040525","article-title":"Graphene Thermal Properties: Applications in Thermal Management and Energy Storage","volume":"4","author":"Renteria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/11\/2441\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:41:45Z","timestamp":1760125305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/11\/2441"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["polym15112441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15112441","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]}}}