{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:01:36Z","timestamp":1789707696350,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chitosan (CS) films exhibit great potential as a substrate for the in vitro mineralization process. In this study, to mimic the formation of nanohydroxyapatite (HAP) as natural tissue, CS films coated with a porous calcium phosphate were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Calcium phosphate coating deposited on phosphorylated derivatives of CS was obtained by a process based on phosphorylation, Ca(OH)2 treatment and artificial saliva solution (ASS) immersion. The phosphorylated CS films (PCS) were obtained by partial hydrolysis of the PO4 functionalities. It was demonstrated that this precursor phase could induce the growth and the nucleation of the porous calcium phosphate coating when immersed in ASS. Moreover, oriented crystals and qualitative control of calcium phosphate phases on CS matrices are obtained in a biomimetic mode. Furthermore, in vitro antimicrobial activity of PCS was evaluated against three species of oral bacteria and fungi. It revealed an increase in antimicrobial activity with minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values of 0.10% (Candida albicans), 0.05% (Staphylococcus aureus) and 0.025% (Escherichia coli) which proves their possible use as dental substitute materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15112470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T16:16:04Z","timestamp":1685204164000},"page":"2470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite Crystals Growth on Phosphorylated Chitosan Films by In Vitro Mineralization Used as Dental Substitute Materials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0863-4063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fathia","family":"Rahmani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Djillali Bounaama, Theniet El Had Street, Khemis-Miliana, Ain Defla 44225, Algeria"},{"name":"Laboratory for the Processing and Shaping of Fibrous Polymers (LTMFP), M\u2019Hamed Bougara University, Boumerdes 35000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4298-1111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Larbi Bouamrane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Science, University Center of Tipaza Morseli Abdallah, Oued Merzoug, Tipaza 42022, Algeria"},{"name":"Laboratory of Natural Substances Valorization (LVSN), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Djillali Bounaama, Theniet El Had Street, Khemis-Miliana, Ain Defla 44225, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amina","family":"Ben Bouabdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for the Processing and Shaping of Fibrous Polymers (LTMFP), M\u2019Hamed Bougara University, Boumerdes 35000, Algeria"},{"name":"Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of M\u2019hamed Bougara, Boumerdes 35000, Algeria"},{"name":"Food Technology Laboratory, University of M\u2019hamed Bougara, Boumerdes 35000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3657-1492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonard I.","family":"Atanase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Dentistry, \u201cApollonia\u201d University of Iasi, 700511 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050045 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelkader","family":"Hellal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Natural Substances Valorization (LVSN), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Djillali Bounaama, Theniet El Had Street, Khemis-Miliana, Ain Defla 44225, Algeria"},{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ferhat Abbas-S\u00e9tif-1, S\u00e9tif 19137, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurelian Nichita","family":"Apintiliesei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Dentistry, \u201cApollonia\u201d University of Iasi, 700511 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2009.05.014","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of the biomedical properties of chitosan and quaternized chitosan for dental applications","volume":"344","author":"Ji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carbohydr. 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