{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T19:54:54Z","timestamp":1791575694773,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Polymers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Jute is a ligno-cellulosic natural fiber that ranks second in terms of the volume of cellulosic fibers and is extensively utilized for technical textile applications. The goal of this study is to determine the flame-retardance (FR) properties of pure Jute and Jute-Cotton fabrics treated with Pyrovatex CP New at concentrations of 90% (owf), M:L: 1:7. Both fabrics exhibited a substantial improvement in flame-retardancy. After the ignition period, the recorded flame spread time in both FR treated fabrics was zero seconds; whereas for untreated Jute and Jute-Cotton fabrics, the flame spread time was measured 21 s and 28 s, respectively, to burn their entire length (15 cm). Within these flame-spread times, the length of the char was 2.1 cm and 2.57 cm in the Jute and Jute-Cotton fabrics, respectively. After FR finishing, on both fabrics in the warp and weft directions, the physico-mechanical properties significantly decreased. The deposition of flame-retardant finishes on the fabric surface was determined by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images. According to Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, the flame-retardant chemical had no effect on the inherent properties of the fibers. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis revealed that FR treated fabrics had early degradation, resulting in the formation of more char than in the untreated samples. After FR treatment, both fabrics showed a significant improvement in residual mass (more than 50%). Although the formaldehyde content observed in the FR treated samples was significantly greater, it was still within the permitted limit formaldehyde content in textiles intended for outerwear and not worn next to the skin. The results of this investigation demonstrate the potential use of Pyrovatex CP New in jute-based materials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15112563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]],"date-time":"2023-06-02T10:08:41Z","timestamp":1685700521000},"page":"2563","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Flame-Retardance Functionalization of Jute and Jute-Cotton Fabrics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9039-5004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Most Setara","family":"Begum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Str. 56, LT-51424 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Kader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Textile Engineering, BGMEA University of Fashion and Technology, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1803-6795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rimvydas","family":"Mila\u0161ius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu Str. 56, LT-51424 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"98","article-title":"Fire-Retardant Chemical Finishing of Jute Fabric Using Sulfamate and Urea Mixture","volume":"1","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2015","journal-title":"AASCIT J. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"18","article-title":"Semi-Durable Fire Retardant Finishing of Jute Fabric and Its Thermal Behaviour","volume":"91","author":"Samanta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Inst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"151","article-title":"Fire Retardant Finishing of Jute Fabric and Its Thermal Behaviour Using Phosphorous and Nitrogen Based Compound","volume":"28","author":"Samanta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1177\/0734904108089485","article-title":"Flame Retardants in Commercial Use or Development for Textiles","volume":"26","author":"Weil","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Fire Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"37","article-title":"Chemical Finishing If Jute and Jute Blended Textiles","volume":"42","author":"Samanta","year":"1995","journal-title":"Colourage"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-4408.1983.tb03686.x","article-title":"An Introduction to the Burning Behaviour of Cellulosic Fibres","volume":"16","author":"Horrocks","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Soc. Dyers Colour."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1177\/004051758605600510","article-title":"Fireproofing Jute","volume":"56","year":"1986","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"555705","article-title":"A Review on Fire Protective Functional Finishing of Natural Fibre Based Textiles: Present Perspective","volume":"7","author":"Pal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Trends Fash. Technol. Text. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/073490419701500401","article-title":"Flame Retarding of Polymers with Sulfamates. I. Sulfation of Cotton and Wool","volume":"15","author":"Lewin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Fire Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2006.10.019","article-title":"Application of Analytical Pyrolysis for Wood Fire Protection Control","volume":"79","author":"Dobele","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-007-8332-0","article-title":"Mostashari Combustion Pathway of Cotton Fabrics Treated by Ammonium Sulfate as a Flame-Retardant Studied by Tg","volume":"91","author":"Mostashari","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2006.05.002","article-title":"Preparation of Flame Retardant Polyamide 6 Composite with Melamine Cyanurate Nanoparticles in Situ Formed in Extrusion Process","volume":"91","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2174\/2405465803666180703110858","article-title":"A Review on Flame Retardant Textile Finishing: Current and Future Trends","volume":"3","author":"Yusuf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Smart Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1177\/004051758205200909","article-title":"Communication to the Editor. Flammability of Metal-Cation-Exchanged Jute Fabrics","volume":"52","author":"Mehta","year":"1982","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2014.03.017","article-title":"Effect of Cellulose, Hemicellulose and Lignin Contents on Pyrolysis and Combustion of Natural Fibers","volume":"107","author":"Dorez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213902","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2742324","article-title":"Selective Toxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles to Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Systems","volume":"90","author":"Reddy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-016-1171-z","article-title":"Fire Retardant Finish of Jute Fabric with Nano Zinc Oxide","volume":"24","author":"Samanta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/15440478.2015.1029190","article-title":"A Study on Durable Flame Retardancy of Jute","volume":"15","author":"Roy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nat. Fibers"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2012.10.026","article-title":"Thermal and Fire Behavior of Natural Fibers\/PBS Biocomposites","volume":"98","author":"Dorez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2013.02.002","article-title":"Flame Retardant Treatments of Insulating Agro-Materials from Flax Short Fibres","volume":"98","author":"Lazko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s40034-017-0092-1","article-title":"Ecofriendly Fire Retardant and Rot Resistance Finishing of Jute Fabric Using Tin and Boron Based Compound","volume":"98","author":"Samanta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. E"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"273","article-title":"Fire Retardant Finishing of Jute Fabric Treated with Thio-Urea","volume":"74","author":"Basak","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Text. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2012.05.023","article-title":"A Durable Flame Retardant for Cellulosic Fabrics","volume":"97","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-017-1268-z","article-title":"Effect of Softener and Wetting Agent on Improving the Flammability, Comfort, and Mechanical Properties of Flame-Retardant Finished Cotton Fabric","volume":"24","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.103","article-title":"A High Molecular Weight Formaldehyde-Free Polymer Flame Retardant Made from Polyvinyl Alcohol for Cellulose","volume":"166","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9027","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-020-03370-9","article-title":"Durable Flame Retardant Cotton Fabrics Modified with a Novel Silicon\u2013Phosphorus\u2013Nitrogen Synergistic Flame Retardant","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-020-03256-w","article-title":"Multifunctional Antimicrobial and Flame Retardant Cotton Fabrics Modified with a Novel N,N-Di(Ethyl Phosphate) Biguanide","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2017.04.001","article-title":"Bio-Based Flame Retardants: When Nature Meets Fire Protection","volume":"117","author":"Costes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-019-02923-x","article-title":"A Novel, Eco-Friendly and Durable Flame-Retardant Cotton-Based Hyperbranched Polyester Derivative","volume":"27","author":"Ling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-018-7522-2","article-title":"Thermal Behaviour and the Cone Calorimetric Analysis of the Jute Fabric Treated in Different PH Condition","volume":"135","author":"Basak","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"94","article-title":"Formaldehyde Free Binding System for Flame Retardant Finishing of Cotton Fabrics","volume":"20","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fibres Text. East. Eur."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2006). Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol, IARC Publications. Available online: https:\/\/publications.iarc.fr\/Book-And-Report-Series\/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans\/Formaldehyde-2-Butoxyethanol-And-1--Em-Tert-Em--Butoxypropan-2-ol-2006."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Begum, M.S., Kader, A., and Mila\u0161ius, R. (2022, January 7\u201310). The Effect of Flame-Retardant Finish on Jute and Jute-cotton Fabrics. Proceedings of the AUTEX 2022 Conference Proceedings\u201421st World Textile Conference, Lodz, Poland."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2006). Flame Retardant Fabrics (Standard No. GB\/T 17591\u20132006)."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109826","article-title":"Flame Retardant Treatment of Jute Fabric with Chitosan and Sodium Alginate","volume":"196","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.35530\/IT.070.05.1610","article-title":"Influence of Crosslinking Agent on the Effectiveness of Flame Retardant Treatment for Cotton Fabric","volume":"70","author":"Huong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind. Text."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1177\/004051757004000812","article-title":"Cross-Linking of Cotton Cellulose with Ethylene Urea Derivatives Having Varying Hydrogen-Bonding Capabilities: Part I: Effects on the Physical Properties and the Hydrogen-Bonded Structure","volume":"40","author":"Stevens","year":"1970","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/app.33618","article-title":"Effect of Titanium Dioxide on the Flame-Retardant Finishing of Cotton Fabric","volume":"121","author":"Lam","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saville, B.P. (1999). Physical Testing of Textiles, Woodhead.","DOI":"10.1533\/9781845690151"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1177\/1528083718804207","article-title":"Investigation on the Mechanical Behavior of Areca Sheath Fibers\/Jute Fibers\/Glass Fabrics Reinforced Hybrid Composite for Light Weight Applications","volume":"49","author":"Jothibasu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ind. Text."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2006.05.019","article-title":"Alfa Fibres: Mechanical, Morphological and Interfacial Characterization","volume":"67","author":"Paiva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2009.09.013","article-title":"Morphological, Thermal and Mechanical Characterization of Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus) Fibres as Potential Reinforcement in Polymer Composites","volume":"70","author":"Kenny","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.09.015","article-title":"Chemical, Morphology and Thermal Evaluation of Cellulose Microfibers Obtained from Hibiscus Sabdariffa","volume":"92","author":"Sonia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1177\/0734904107078069","article-title":"Nonformaldehyde Flame Retardant Finishing of the Nomex\/Cotton Blend Fabric Using a Hydroxy-Functional Organophosphorus Oligomer","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Fire Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5435","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.26235","article-title":"Characterization of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Jute Fabric Reinforced Polypropylene Composites","volume":"42","author":"Benhamadouche","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-4177(01)00095-5","article-title":"Comparison of Classical and Ultrasound-Assisted Isolation Procedures of Cellulose from Kenaf (Hibiscus Cannabinus L.) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus Rodustrus Sm.)","volume":"9","author":"Pappas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ultrason. Sonochem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s11708-007-0060-8","article-title":"Mechanism Study on Cellulose Pyrolysis Using Thermogravimetric Analysis Coupled with Infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Front. Ener. Power Eng. China"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2003.09.005","article-title":"A Study of Pyrolysis and Pyrolysis Products of Flame-Retardant Cotton Fabrics by DSC, TGA, and PY-GC-MS","volume":"71","author":"Zhu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-2180(91)90042-A","article-title":"Combustion Properties of Pure and Fire-Retarded Cellulose","volume":"84","author":"Chen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Combust. Flame"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2011.03.012","article-title":"A Novel Durable Flame-Retardant Cotton Fabric Using Sodium Hypophosphite, Nano TiO2 and Maleic Acid","volume":"520","author":"Lessan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/fam.1082","article-title":"A Novel Halogen-Free and Formaldehyde-Free Flame Retardant for Cotton Fabrics","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fire Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-6031(96)03151-6","article-title":"Evidence of Interaction in Flame-Retardant Fibre-Intumescent Combinations by Thermal Analytical Techniques","volume":"294","author":"Kandola","year":"1997","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/01.COT.0000292246.11180.99","article-title":"IARC Classifies Formaldehyde as Carcinogenic","volume":"26","author":"Gatlin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oncol. Times"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Protano, C., Buomprisco, G., Cammalleri, V., Pocino, R.N., Marotta, D., Simonazzi, S., Cardoni, F., Petyx, M., Iavicoli, S., and Vitali, M. (2022). The Carcinogenic Effects of Formaldehyde Occupational Exposure: A Systematic Review. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14010165"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1998.tb05769.x","article-title":"Formaldehyde-Related Textile Allergy: An Update","volume":"38","author":"Scheman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Contact Dermat."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(92)70295-Q","article-title":"Allergic Contact Dermatitis from Formaldehyde Resins in Permanent Press Clothing: An Underdiagnosed Cause of Generalized Dermatitis","volume":"27","author":"Fowler","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"131","article-title":"What Do Formaldehyde Tests Measure?","volume":"13","author":"Sidney","year":"1981","journal-title":"Text. Chem. Color."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.35530\/IT.068.03.1328","article-title":"Synthesis of Halogen and Formaldehyde Free Bio Based Fire Retardant for Cotton","volume":"68","author":"Mohsin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Text."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"United States Government Accountability Office (2023, May 26). Formaldehyde in Textiles, Available online: https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/assets\/gao-10-875.pdf."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Senaldi, C., Summa, C., and Piccinini, P. (2007). European Survey on the Release of Formaldehyde from Textiles, European Commission. Available online: https:\/\/publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/repository\/handle\/JRC36150."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1515\/pjct-2015-0018","article-title":"Flame Resistant Cellulosic Substrate Using Banana Pseudostem Sap","volume":"17","author":"Basak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pol. J. Chem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.05.087","article-title":"Flame Retardation of Cellulose-Rich Fabrics via a Simplified Layer-by-Layer Assembly","volume":"151","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-017-1550-0","article-title":"Durable Flame Retardant Cellulosic Fibers Modified with Novel, Facile and Efficient Phytic Acid-Based Finishing Agent","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cellulose"}],"container-title":["Polymers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/11\/2563\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:48:14Z","timestamp":1760125694000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4360\/15\/11\/2563"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["polym15112563"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/polym15112563","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,2]]}}}